PKw7jCssrefs.MYDL~?\Haguenauer, M. Fargier, P. Legreneur, P. Dufour, A. B. Cogerino, G. Begon, M. Monteil, K. M.2005Short-term effects of using verbal instructions and demonstration at the beginning of learning a complex skill in figure skating179-91Percept Mot Skills1001Body Mass Index Child Female Humans *Learning Male *Skating Teaching/*methods Time Factors *Verbal Behavior Videotape RecordingFebXThis study examined whether providing verbal instructions plus demonstration and task repetition facilitates the early acquisition of a sport skill for which learners had a prior knowledge of the individual motor components. After one demonstration of the task by an expert, 18 novice skaters practiced a figure skating jump during a 15-min. period. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups: a group provided with a verbal instruction that specified the subgoals of the task (Subgoals group), a group provided with a verbal instruction that used a metaphor (Metaphoric group), and a group not receiving any specific instruction during training (Control group). Subjects were filmed prior to and immediately following the practice session. Analysis indicated that the modifications of performance were related to the demonstration and the subsequent task repetitions only. Providing additional verbal instructions generated no effect. Therefore, guiding the learner toward a solution to the task problem by means of verbal instruction seems to be ineffective if done too early in the course of learning.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15773709 0031-5125 Journal Article15773709Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UFR STAPS, 27-29 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France. marianne.haguenauer@univ-lyon1.fr ~?=Kovacs, E. J. Birmingham, T. B. Forwell, L. Litchfield, R. B.2004Effect of training on postural control in figure skaters: a randomized controlled trial of neuromuscular versus basic off-ice training programs215-24Clin J Sport Med144Adolescent Adult Child Comparative Study Exercise/physiology Female Humans Musculoskeletal Equilibrium/*physiology Physical Education and Training/*methods Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Skating/*education/*physiologyJulVOBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of a neuromuscular training program and a basic exercise program on postural control in figure skaters. DESIGN: Two groups; parallel design; prospective, randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Postural control laboratory, arenas, September 2001 to December 2002. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-four young, healthy figure skaters (18 years +/- 3 years). INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomly assigned to receive a neuromuscular training program (n = 22) or a basic exercise training program (n = 22). Both programs were completed 3 times per week for 4 weeks, and each session was supervised. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Participants completed baseline and postintervention measures of postural control on a force plate. Postural control was quantified as the center of pressure (CoP) path length during tests of single-limb standing balance that mimicked figure skating skills and challenged the postural control system to varying degrees. The primary outcome measure was the CoP path length observed during a landing jump test completed with eyes closed. RESULTS: The post intervention CoP path lengths during the more challenging tests were significantly (P < 0.05) lower (indicating better postural control) for the neuromuscular trained group than for the basic exercise-trained group. For the landing jump test completed with eyes closed, the percent improvement in the neuromuscular trained group was significantly greater (mean = 21.0 +/- 22.0%) than the basic exercise trained group (mean = -4.9 +/- 24.9%; P < 0.05). The magnitude of improvement in the neuromuscular-trained group ranged from approximately 1% to 21%, depending on the specific postural control test used. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that off-ice neuromuscular training can significantly improve postural control in figure skaters, whereas basic exercise training does not.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15273527 D1050-642x Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial15273527School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada. emily.kovacs@utoronto.ca~?:Millet, G. P. Geslan, R. Ferrier, R. Candau, R. Varray, A.2003<Effects of drafting on energy expenditure in in-line skating285-90J Sports Med Phys Fitness433Adult *Air Movements *Biomechanics Energy Metabolism/*physiology Exercise/physiology Humans Lactic Acid/blood Male Oxygen Consumption/physiology Reference Values Skating/*physiologySep]AIM: The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of drafting on energy expenditure in in-line skating, and to investigate whether the "benefit of drafting", i.e. the decrease in energy expenditure, was different between two velocities and two distances separating the two skaters. METHODS: Eight recreational in-line skaters performed six exercises of 6 min, at 2 velocities (V(1) = 5.51+/-0.45 m x sec(-1); V(2) = 7.01+/-0.67 m x sec(-1)) in 3 conditions (ND = without drafting; D(1)=0.74-0.87 m "close"; D(2) = 1.19-1.36 m "far"). Collection of expired gas was carried out using a breath-by-breath portable gas analyser K4(b2) and the distance between the skaters was measured by video analysis. RESULTS: The skaters' energy expenditure was reduced in all drafting conditions; between D(1) and ND by 9.6+/-4.4% at V(1) and by 2.7+/-3.3% at V(2); between D(2) and ND by 8.8+/-6.0% at V(1) and by 4.2+/-4.8% at V(2). This reduction was significantly (p<0.05) more important at V(1) than V(2) and no differences were observed between D(1) and D(2). CONCLUSION: In in-line skating, the technical difficulties for drafting efficiently, especially while cornering, resulted in a reduced "benefit of drafting" at high velocity than in other sports. Moreover, the need for the subject to adjust their own cycle frequency to that of the lead skater while drafting "close" would explain partly that there were no significant differences between drafting at D(1) and D(2). These results suggest that the drafting technique should be emphasized in training, especially in non-skilled skaters at high velocities and when cornering.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14625508 0022-4707 Journal Article14625508lFaculte des Sciences du Sport, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. g.millet@staps.univ-montp1.fr R~?0Ziegler, P. J. Nelson, J. A. Jonnalagadda, S. S.20032Use of dietary supplements by elite figure skaters266-76Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab133Adolescent Chi-Square Distribution Diet Diet Records Dietary Supplements/*statistics & numerical data Female Humans Male Nutrition Assessment Questionnaires Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sex Distribution Skating/*statistics & numerical dataSepThe present study examined the prevalence of dietary supplement use among elite figure skaters, gender differences in supplement use, and differences in nutrient intake of supplement users versus non-users. Male (n = 46) and female (n = 59) figure skaters completed a supplement survey and 3-day food records. Descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and independent t tests were used to analyze the data. Sixty-five percent of male (n = 30) and 76% of female (n = 45) figure skaters reported use of supplements. Forty-seven percent of males and 55% of females reported daily use of supplements. Multivitamin-mineral supplements were the most popular dietary supplements consumed by figure skaters. Significant gender differences were observed in the use of multivitamin-mineral supplements (61% males vs. 83% females, p < .05). Echinacea and ginseng were popular herbal supplements used by these skaters. The 3 main reasons given by male figure skaters for taking supplements were: to provide more energy (41%), to prevent illness or disease (34%), and to enhance performance (21%). Among female figure skaters, the 3 main reasons given were: to prevent illness or disease (61%), to provide more energy (39%), and to make up for an inadequate diet (28%). Significant differences (p < .05) were observed in protein, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat intakes, and % energy from carbohydrate and total fat of male supplement users versus non-users, with supplement users having higher intakes except for percent energy from carbohydrate. Sodium was the only nutrient significantly different (p < .05) among female supplement users versus non-users, with supplement users having lower intakes. Given the popularity of dietary supplements, it is important to understand the factors influencing athletes' use of supplements, their knowledge and attitudes regarding supplements, dosage of supplements used, and the effectiveness of these dietary supplements in meeting the goals of the athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14669927 1526-484x Journal Article14669927FGerber Products Company, 200 Kimball Drive, Parsippany, NJ 07054, USA.~?'de Nooijer, J. de Wit, M. Steenhuis, I.2004AWhy young Dutch in-line skaters do (not) use protection equipment178-81Eur J Public Health142Adolescent Athletic Injuries/*prevention & control Child *Child Behavior Female Humans Male Netherlands Protective Devices/*utilization Questionnaires Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Self Efficacy Skating/*injuriesJunBACKGROUND: In-line skate injuries are highly preventable by the use of protective gear. We investigated how young Dutch skaters protect themselves and what factors predict the use of protective gear in order to develop campaigns to increase their safety behaviour. METHODS: A survey was conducted to study protection behaviour of 872 Dutch skaters and factors influencing the use of protective gear. Written questionnaires were used, measuring behaviour and social psychological determinants towards the use of protective behaviour. RESULTS: Protective gear was not often used: 36% used wrist guards, 28% used kneepads, 14% used elbow pads and 5% used helmets. The use of protective gear was influenced by social influences, self-efficacy expectations and intention (R2=54%). CONCLUSIONS: The present study shows that young Dutch skaters should improve their safety behaviour in order to prevent skate injuries. Furthermore, the study provides clear recommendations for developing prevention programmes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15230505 1101-1262 Journal Article15230505~Department of Health Education and Promotion, Universiteit Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands. j.denooijer@gvo.unimaas.nl~?ADubravcic-Simunjak, S. Pecina, M. Kuipers, H. Moran, J. Haspl, M.20038The incidence of injuries in elite junior figure skaters511-7Am J Sports Med314Adolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology Croatia/epidemiology Cumulative Trauma Disorders/epidemiology Female Fractures, Stress/epidemiology Humans Incidence Low Back Pain/epidemiology Male Sex Distribution Skating/*injuries/statistics & numerical dataJul-AugBACKGROUND: There has been rapid growth in the technical and physiologic demands made on skaters who perform more and more difficult jumps, spins, lifts, throws, and free skating movements. PURPOSE: To investigate the frequency of injuries and overuse syndromes in elite junior skaters. STUDY DESIGN: Questionnaire. METHODS: During four consecutive Junior World Figure Skating Championships and the Croatia Cup, we interviewed 236 female and 233 male skaters by questionnaire to determine the frequency of injuries and overuse syndromes. RESULTS: Fifty-nine of the female skaters (25%) and 65 of the male skaters (27.9%) reported sustaining acute injuries; 101 female (42.8%) and 106 male (45.5%) skaters reported overuse syndromes. Low back pain was reported by 19 female and 23 male skaters. The most frequent acute injury was ankle sprain. In singles female skaters, the most frequent overuse injury was stress fracture (19.8%), followed by jumper's knee (14.9%). In singles male skaters, jumper's knee (16.1%) was the most frequent injury, followed by Osgood-Schlatter disease (14.2%). More than 50% of injuries in young singles figure skaters involved overuse syndromes. Pairs skaters and ice dance skaters had a higher risk of acute injury than overuse syndrome because of falls from lifts and throw jumps. CONCLUSIONS: Programs to improve postural alignment, flexibility, and strength, especially during the asynchronous period of bone and soft tissue development, should be instituted to prevent and reduce overuse syndromes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12860537 0363-5465 Journal Article12860537`Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sveti Duh General Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. ~?8Houdijk, H. Bobbert, M. F. De Koning, J. J. De Groot, G.2003SThe effects of klapskate hinge position on push-off performance: a simulation study2077-84Med Sci Sports Exerc3512Biomechanics Comparative Study *Equipment Design Foot/*physiology Humans Kinetics Locomotion Models, Biological Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Shoes Skating/*physiologyDecPURPOSE: The introduction of the klapskate in speed skating confronts skaters with the question of how to adjust the position of the hinge in order to maximize performance. The purpose of this study was to reveal the constraint that klapskate hinge position imposes on push-off performance in speed skating. METHOD: For this purpose, a model of the musculoskeletal system was designed to simulate a simplified, two-dimensional skating push off. To capture the essence of a skating push off, this model performed a one-leg vertical jump, from a frictionless surface, while keeping its trunk horizontally. In this model, klapskate hinge position was varied by varying the length of the foot segment between 115 and 300 mm. With each foot length, an optimal control solution was found that resulted in the maximal amount of vertical kinetic and potential energy of the body's center of mass at take off (Weff). RESULTS: Foot length was shown to considerably affect push-off performance. Maximal Weff was obtained with a foot length of 185 mm and decreased by approximately 25% at either foot length of 115 mm and 300 mm. The reason for this decrease was that foot length affected the onset and control of foot rotation. This resulted in a distortion of the pattern of leg segment rotations and affected muscle work (Wmus) and the efficacy ratio (Weff/Wmus) of the entire leg system. CONCLUSION: Despite its simplicity, the model very well described and explained the effects of klapskate hinge position on push off performance that have been observed in speed-skating experiments. The simplicity of the model, however, does not allow quantitative analyses of optimal klapskate hinge position for speed-skating practice.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14652505 0195-9131 Journal Article14652505Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h_houdijk@fbw.vu.nly~?:King, D. Smith, S. Higginson, B. Muncasy, B. Scheirman, G.2004jCharacteristics of triple and quadruple toe-loops performed during the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics109-23Sports Biomech31Adult Biomechanics Comparative Study Hip/physiology Humans Male Posture/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Rotation Shoulder/physiology Skating/*physiology *Task Performance and AnalysisJanThe purpose of this study was to compare triple (T) and quadruple (Q) toe-loop figure skating jumps and quantify basic characteristics of these jumps to provide information to coaches that will assist them in teaching quadruple toe-loops to elite figure skaters. High-speed video was taken during men's practice and competition sessions at the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics; three-dimensional analyses of selected triple and quadruple jumps were completed. The most significant difference between triple and quadruple toe-loops was an increase in rotational velocity in the air. Additionally, increased vertical velocity at take-off and subsequent time in the air were also observed. Three main conclusions were developed: 1) The timing of rotation of the hips and shoulders was different for quadruple toe-loops compared to triples with the differences being observed before toe-pick; 2) Increases in rotational velocity occurred primarily as a result of the skaters assuming different body positions from take-off through landing which resulted in tighter rotating positions for longer durations of the jump; 3) Greater vertical velocity was gained during the propulsive phase due to the extension of the legs during the press off the ice.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15079991 ,1476-3141 Evaluation Studies Journal Article15079991GDepartment of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Ithaca College, New York, USA.~? Garrick, J. G.20038The incidence of injuries in elite junior figure skaters1050-1; author reply 1051Am J Sports Med316Adolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology Cumulative Trauma Disorders/epidemiology Female Fractures, Stress/epidemiology Humans Incidence Low Back Pain/epidemiology Male Sex Distribution Skating/*injuriesNov-Decfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14623680 0363-5465 Comment Letter14623680~? (Quinn, A. Lun, V. McCall, J. Overend, T.2003%Injuries in short track speed skating507-10Am J Sports Med314Adult Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology Canada/epidemiology Contusions/epidemiology Female Fractures/epidemiology Groin/injuries Humans Incidence Lacerations/epidemiology Leg Injuries/epidemiology Male Retrospective Studies Shoulder Dislocation/epidemiology Skating/*injuries/statistics & numerical data Spinal Injuries/epidemiology Sprains and Strains/epidemiology Wrist Injuries/epidemiologyJul-AugBACKGROUND: Little is known about the pattern of injury in short track speed skating. PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence and characteristics of injuries in short track speed skating. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Ninety-five of 150 elite-level skaters (63.3%) were surveyed to collect information on training and competition load as well as on injuries sustained during the 1999-2000 competitive season. Injuries were characterized in terms of anatomic location, type of injury, time loss from training and competition, and circumstance of injury (acute onset during competition, on-ice practice, off-ice training, or insidious onset). RESULTS: Sixty-one of the 95 skaters (64.2%) reported sustaining at least one injury. The knee, ankle, spine, leg, and groin were the most commonly reported sites of injury. Skaters were also asked to list previous on-ice injuries. The two most common injuries occurring on-ice before the 1999-2000 season were lacerations from the knee down (11.1%) and ankle fractures (10.2%). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there is a high incidence of injury in competitive short track speed skating.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12860536 0363-5465 Journal Article12860536GSport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. !~? Rundell, K. W.2003RHigh levels of airborne ultrafine and fine particulate matter in indoor ice arenas237-50 Inhal Toxicol153Air Pollutants, Environmental/*analysis Air Pollution, Indoor/*analysis Bronchial Hyperreactivity/etiology Environmental Illness/etiology *Particle Size Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Skating Vehicle Emissions/analysisMarThe high prevalence of airway dysfunction among ice arena athletes may be related to rink air exposure; in particular, high concentrations of ultrafine and fine particulate matter (0.02-1.0 micro m diameter, PM(1)) from ice resurfacing machines may enhance airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. The purpose of this study was to identify levels of PM(1) emitted from ice resurfacing machines used in indoor ice arenas, and to compare [PM(1)] pre- and post-resurfacing to each other and to outdoor [PM(1)]. Multiple one Hz measurements were recorded on 28 different days as 15-s mean of PM(1).cm(-3) for 2 min at 1-1.5 m "above ice" in 10 rinks pre- and post-resurfacing, with measured airborne PM(1) outside each rink to be used individual rink references. Rink PM(1).cm(-3) was approximately 30 times greater than PM(1).cm(-3) outside the respective rinks (p <.05). Rink values were 104.2 +/- 59.3 x 10(3) PM(1).cm(-3) during prime usage, compared to outdoor values of 3.8 +/- 2.5 x 10(3) PM(1).cm(-3). Ice resurfacing increased PM(1).cm(-3) 4-fold (p <.05). No difference in PM(1) emissions between gasoline and propane powered resurfacing machines was identified. The rate of PM(1) dissipation after resurfacing was highly variable between rinks and probably dependent upon rink ventilation and resurfacing machine engine efficiency. Gas-powered edging increased PM(1).cm(-3) 18-fold and 158-fold versus pre-edging rink and outdoor values, respectively. We conclude that the primary source of airborne indoor rink PM(1) is internal combustion ice-resurfacing machines and that this poor air quality may be causal to the unique and high prevalence of airway dysfunction in ice arena athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12579455 0895-8378 Journal Article12579455kHuman Performance Laboratory, Marywood University, Scranton, PA 18509, USA. E-mail: rundell@es.marywood.eduF~? FHoudijk, H. Wijker, A. J. De Koning, J. J. Bobbert, M. F. De Groot, G.2001IIce friction in speed skating: can klapskates reduce ice frictional loss?499-504Med Sci Sports Exerc333nAdult Biomechanics Equipment Design Friction Humans *Locomotion Male Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *SkatingMarPURPOSE: Reducing ice friction was one of the motives for developing the klapskate. However, the magnitude of power dissipation that occurs with conventional skates when a skater plantar flexes his ankle and the tip of the blade is pressed into the ice has not been quantified previously. In this study, we examine how ice friction varies during a single stroke with conventional skates and estimate the reduction in ice friction that might be obtained with klapskates. METHODS: Five elite speed skaters performed a series of trials at constant velocity and a series of maximal accelerations. Energy dissipated to ice friction during a stroke with conventional skates was analyzed using an instrumented skate and high-speed 3D kinematic analysis. The energy that would be dissipated when klapskates were used was estimated from the collected data with conventional skates. RESULTS: The estimated difference in power loss between conventional and klapskates was less dramatic than has been suggested frequently. Pressing the tip of the blade into the ice comprises only 0.84 W of the total power dissipated by ice friction (54 W) during constant velocity speed skating. During an all-out acceleration, this power loss reached 4.55 W. CONCLUSION: We conclude that only a minor part of the benefit of klapskates can be attributed to a reduction in ice friction. It is shown that this relatively small increase in ice friction is related to the large length of the skate blade.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11252080 0195-9131 Journal Article11252080Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. H_Houdijk@fbw.vu.nlm~?0Jonnalagadda, S. S. Ziegler, P. J. Nelson, J. A.2004WFood preferences, dieting behaviors, and body image perceptions of elite figure skaters594-606Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab145kAdult Anthropometry Attitude to Health *Body Image Diet Records Dietary Fats/administration & dosage Dietary Fiber/administration & dosage *Energy Intake Female *Food Preferences Humans Male Minerals/administration & dosage Nutrition Policy Nutritional Requirements Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Skating/*physiology/*psychology Vitamins/administration & dosageOct\The objectives of this study were to determine food preferences, body image perceptions, dieting behaviors, and nutrient intakes of elite male and female figure skaters. Male (n = 23) and female (n = 26) figure skaters completed a food preference checklist, a questionnaire examining their demographics, dieting behaviors and body image perceptions, and 3-d food records. Male skaters had a higher preference (score > or = 6) for grains, fruit, meat, dairy, fats, and sweets. Female skaters had higher preference for grains and fruits. Of the female skaters, 30% considered themselves overweight and indicated a preference for a thinner body contour. Both male and female skaters expressed a preference for leaner body contours for members of the opposite gender. Total energy intake, total fat (females) and dietary fiber were below the dietary recommendations. Vitamin E, vitamin D, folate (females), pantothenic acid (females), calcium (females), magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus (females) were less than two-thirds of the dietary recommendations. Macronutrient intake of male skaters was associated with preferences for the grain group, although no association was observed among female skaters. Results suggest that these behaviors and attitudes need to be assessed and addressed among figure skaters, given their impact on dietary intakes and overall well-being.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15673105 1526-484x Journal Article156731056Novartis Nutrition Corp, St Louis Park, MN 55416, USA.a~? Lovett, M.2004What's the surprise?370Emerg Med Australas164vAthletic Injuries/*prevention & control Bicycling/*injuries Equipment Design Humans Skating/*injuries Sports EquipmentAugfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15283733 1742-6731 Letter15283733~?1Hilgert, R. E. Besch, L. Behnke, B. Egbers, H. J.20044[Injury pattern caused by aggressive inline skating]196-203Sportverletz Sportschaden184Adolescent Adult Age Factors Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/prevention & control Child Comparative Study English Abstract Fractures/epidemiology/prevention & control Humans Motivation Protective Clothing Questionnaires Skating/*injuries Time FactorsDecIn order to evaluate the special injury pattern of aggressive inline skating, a field study was conducted in a local, non-commercial skate park equipped with all the typical features like ramps, halfpipes, gully areas. 66 unselected aggressive inline skaters were randomly enrolled and interviewed concerning their skating habits and their skating injury history. Average age was 15 (10 to 41) years, skating was performed since 2.1 (0.1 to 6) years, as aggressive skating since 1.3 (0.1 to 4) years. Medical treatment in a doctor's practice or in a hospital had been necessary in 66 cases, averaging 1.4 times per skater and year, averaging one injury per 586 hours of aggressive skating. The injury pattern reflected the regions typically injured in fitness skating, too, with a higher percentage of injuries concerning knee, tibia and ankle region. The use of protective devices varied from 41 % (wrist guards) to 94 % (knee pads), with an average of 69 %. Only 32 % of skaters wore all protective devices. As the personal thrill is an important motivation for aggressive skating, safer skating campaigns are quite unlikely to decrease the risk of injury in aggressive skaters.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15592983 ,0932-0555 Evaluation Studies Journal Article155929834Das Verletzungsrisiko beim Aggressive Inlineskating.jKlinik fur Unfallchirurgie, Universitatsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel. ralf-erik-hilgert@gmx.de5~?(McGeehan, J. Shields, B. J. Smith, G. A.2004XChildren should wear helmets while ice-skating: a comparison of skating-related injuries124-8 Pediatrics1141Adolescent Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Craniocerebral Trauma/*epidemiology Female Fractures/epidemiology *Head Protective Devices Humans Infant Lacerations/*epidemiology Male Skating/*injuries/statistics & numerical dataJul OBJECTIVE: This study compares injuries, especially head injuries, among ice-skaters with those among skateboarders, rollerskaters, and in-line skaters, to determine the need for helmet use during recreational ice-skating by children. DESIGN: A comparative study of a consecutive series of patients. SETTING: The emergency department of a large, urban, academic, children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Children treated for injuries related to recreational ice-skating, skateboarding, rollerskating, and in-line skating. RESULTS: During a 31-month period, 419 consecutive children were evaluated in the emergency department for skating-related injuries. Children were predominantly male (53.9%), with a mean age of 10.0 years (SD: 3.0 years; median: 10.0 years; range: 1-18 years). The most frequent mechanism of injury was a fall. Overall, 76.5% of children (215 of 281 children) were reported to be wearing no protective equipment, such as a helmet or padding on the elbows or knees, at the time of injury. Ice-skaters were more likely to have adult supervision than were skateboarders (relative risk [RR]: 5.16; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.13-12.46), rollerskaters (RR: 1.21; 95% CI: 1.09-1.35), and in-line skaters (RR: 2.08; 95% CI: 1.72-2.51). Ice-skaters were at greater risk of injury to the head (20.0%) than were in-line skaters (4.9%) (RR: 4.09; 95% CI: 1.81-9.23); a weak difference was noted between ice-skaters and rollerskaters (9.9%) (RR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.04-4.57), with no significant difference in head injuries between ice-skaters and skateboarders (15.9%) (RR: 1.60; 95% CI: 0.54-2.93). Ice-skaters demonstrated lacerations to the head in 68.8% of abnormal head examinations, compared with 37.0% for rollerskaters (RR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.08-3.20) and 50.0% for in-line skaters (RR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.35-3.16); however, there was no significant difference in lacerations to the head between ice-skaters and skateboarders (53.3%) (RR: 1.29; 95% CI: 0.76-2.19). Injuries to ice-skaters occurred more often in an indoor skating facility (92.9%, 52 of 56 cases), compared with injuries to skateboarders (3.6%, 1 of 28 cases) (RR: 13.96; 95% CI: 2.01-96.76), rollerskaters (63.4%, 59 of 93 cases) (RR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.23-1.74), and in-line skaters (10.9%, 15 of 137 cases) (RR: 8.48; 95% CI: 5.23-13.75). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of head injuries among ice-skaters in this study was greater than that observed for participants in other types of skating, for which helmet use is recommended and often required. Children should wear a helmet during recreational ice-skating. Mandatory helmet use by pediatric ice-skaters at indoor rinks should be implemented. Use of other types of protective equipment, such as wrist guards, knee pads, and elbow pads, should be considered for prevention of injuries to the extremities during ice-skating. Caution should be used when allowing young children to participate in recreational ice-skating. Additional research should be conducted in other populations, to corroborate these findings and to evaluate ice-skating safety recommendations for children.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15231918 1098-4275 Journal Article15231918Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Injury Research and Policy, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205-2664, USA. (~?9Anderson, S. E. Weber, M. Steinbach, L. S. Ballmer, F. T.2004Shoe rim and shoe buckle pseudotumor of the ankle in elite and professional figure skaters and snowboarders: MR imaging findings325-9Skeletal Radiol336 Adolescent Adult Ankle Injuries/etiology/*pathology/therapy Cumulative Trauma Disorders/diagnosis/etiology/therapy Female Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Shoes/*adverse effects Skating/*injuries Snow Sports/*injuries Soft Tissue Neoplasms/etiology/*pathology/therapyJunOBJECTIVE: To review MR imaging of figure skaters and snowboarders presenting with painful soft-tissue swelling of the lateral supramalleolar region with a clinical provisional diagnosis of soft-tissue tumor. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: MR imaging was prospectively reviewed by two sub-specialized musculoskeletal radiologists. The findings were correlated with a second clinical review and examination of the shoe wear. The patients were four female athletes undergoing heavy training regimes, ranging in age between 16 and 25 years. Two patients were elite figure skaters, and two were professional snowboarders. Three patients had unilateral masses with pain, and one patient presented with bilateral clinical findings. RESULTS: MR imaging showed subcutaneous, focal soft-tissue masses of the supramalleolar region in five ankles at the same level above the ankle joint. MR imaging prompted a second clinical review and correlation with the shoe wear. The MR imaging findings correlated to the level of the shoe rim or shoe buckle in all patients, confirming the suspected MR imaging diagnosis of an impingement syndrome. All four sportswomen were training excessively, ignoring safety advice regarding training duration, timing of breaks, and shoe wear rotation. CONCLUSION: Ice skaters and snowboarders may present with persistent and disabling pain. On MR imaging, this corresponds to a focal soft-tissue abnormality, which may be due to subcutaneous fat impingement between the fibula and the shoe rim or shoe buckle.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15138726 0364-2348 Journal Article15138726Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. suzanne.anderson@bluewin.ch, suzanne.anderson@insel.ch~?VHoudijk, H. de Koning, J. J. de Groot, G. Bobbert, M. F. And, van Ingen Schenau, G. J.2000KPush-off mechanics in speed skating with conventional skates and klapskates635-41Med Sci Sports Exerc323Adult Biomechanics Electromyography Equipment Design Foot/*physiology Humans Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Shoes Skating/*physiology Video RecordingMarPURPOSE: Personal and world records in speed skating improved tremendously after the introduction of the klapskate, which allows the foot to plantar flex at the end of the push-off while the full blade continues to glide on the ice. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the differences in skating technique with conventional versus klapskates and to unveil the source of power enhancement using klapskates. METHODS: Ten elite speed skaters skated four 400-m laps at maximal effort with both conventional and klapskates. On the straight high-speed film, push-off force and EMG data were collected. An inverse dynamics analysis was performed in the moving reference plane through hip, knee, and ankle. RESULTS: Skating velocity increased 5% as a result of an increase in mean power output of 25 W when klapskates were used instead of conventional skates. The increase in mean power output was achieved through an 11-J increase in work per stroke and an increase in stroke frequency from 1.30 to 1.36 strokes x s(-1). The difference in work per stroke occurs during the final 50 ms of the push-off. This is the result of the ineffective way in which push-off forces are generated with conventional skates when the foot rotates about the long front end of the blade. No differences in muscle coordination were observed from EMG. CONCLUSION: A hinge under the ball of the foot enhances the effectiveness of plantar flexion during the final 50 ms of the push off with klapskates and increases work per stroke and mean power output.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10731006 0195-9131 Journal Article10731006Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. h_houdijk@fbw.vu.nl ~?Oishi, K. Maeshima, T.2004JAutonomic nervous system activities during motor imagery in elite athletes170-9J Clin Neurophysiol213Autonomic Nervous System/*physiology Comparative Study Heart Rate/physiology Humans Imagination/*physiology Motor Skills/*physiology Respiration Skating/*physiology/*psychology Sports/physiology/psychology Statistics, NonparametricMay-JunPMotor imagery (MI), a mental simulation of voluntary motor actions, has been used as a training method for athletes for many years. It is possible that MI techniques might similarly be useful as part of rehabilitative strategies to help people regain skills lost as a consequence of diseases or stroke. Mental activity and stress induce several different autonomic responses as part of the behavioral response to movement (e.g., motor anticipation) and as part of the central planning and preprogramming of movement. However, the interrelationships between MI, the autonomic responses, and the motor system have not yet been worked out. The authors compare a number of autonomic responses (respiration, heart rate, electro skin resistance) and motoneuron excitability (soleus H-reflex) in elite and nonelite speed skaters during MI. In contrast to the nonelite athletes, MI of elite speed skaters is characterized by larger changes in heart rate and respiration, a greater reliance on an internal perspective for MI, a more vivid MI, a more accurate correspondence between the MI and actual race times, and decreased motoneuron excitability. Two observations suggest that the changes in the autonomic responses and motoneuron excitability for the elite speed skaters are related to the effects of central motor programming: (1) there was no correlation between the autonomic responses for MI and those recorded during mental arithmetic; and (2) mental arithmetic did not significantly alter motoneuron activity. It is suggested that in elite speed skaters, the descending neural mechanisms that reduce motoneuron excitability are activated even when full, vivid MI is performed internally. These inhibitory responses of the motor system may enhance actual motor performance under conditions of remarkably high mental stress, such as that which occurs in the Olympic games.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15375347 0736-0258 Journal Article15375347uHealth and Sport Sciences Institute, Senshu University, 2-1-1, Higashimita, Tama, Kawasaki, Japan. QWK02752@nifty.com ~?>Rundell, K. W. Anderson, S. D. Spiering, B. A. Judelson, D. A.2004Field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes909-15Chest1253XAdolescent Adult Asthma, Exercise-Induced/*diagnosis Bronchial Hyperreactivity/*diagnosis *Cold Comparative Study *Exercise Test Female Forced Expiratory Volume Humans Hyperventilation/physiopathology Male Respiratory Function Tests/*methods Running/physiology Sensitivity and Specificity Skating/physiology Skiing/physiology Sports/*physiologyMarSTUDY OBJECTIVE: For the 2002 Winter Olympic Games, athletes were required to submit objective evidence of asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) for approval to inhale a beta(2)-agonist. Eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) was recommended as a laboratory challenge that would identify airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) consistent with EIB. The objective was to compare the change in FEV(1) provoked by EVH with that provoked by exercise in cold weather athletes. DESIGN: Spirometry was measured before and for 15 min after challenges. The two challenges were performed in random order at least 24 h apart. SETTING: EVH was performed in the laboratory at 19 degrees C, and exercise took place in the field in the cold (2 degrees C, 45% relative humidity). PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-eight athletes (25 female subjects; median age, 16 years). INTERVENTIONS: For the EVH, athletes inhaled dry air containing 5% carbon dioxide for 6 min at a target ventilation equivalent to 30 times baseline FEV(1). Exercise was performed by cross-country skiing, ice skating, or running for 6 to 8 min. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: AHR consistent with EIB was defined as >or= 10% fall in FEV(1) from baseline after challenge. Eleven athletes were exercise positive (EX+) [FEV(1) fall, 20.5 +/- 7.3%], and 17 athletes were EVH positive (FEV(1) fall, 14.5 +/- 4.5%) [mean +/- SD]. Of 19 subjects with AHR, 58% were identified by exercise and 89% were identified by EVH. EVH identified 9 of 11 subjects who were EX+ and a further 8 subjects with potential for EIB. The average ventilation during EVH was 28 times FEV(1). CONCLUSION: Performing EVH for 6 min in the laboratory had a greater chance of identifying AHR in these athletes compared with 6 to 8 min of field exercise in the cold. The EVH test will be useful to evaluate elite summer sports athletes whose widely different forms of exercise provide an "equipment" challenge to any laboratory.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15006949 0012-3692 Journal Article15006949GMarywood University, Scranton, PA 18509-4742, USA. rundell@marywood.edu~?Arpilleda, J. C. Wright, M. S.2004'Splenic laceration from in-line skating491-3Clin Pediatr (Phila)435dAdolescent Hospitalization Humans Length of Stay Male Skating/*injuries Spleen/*injuries/radiographyJunfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15208758 &0009-9228 Case Reports Journal Article15208758~University Hospitals of Cleveland, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.t~?-Banerjee, R. Bradley, M. P. DiGiovanni, C. W.2004`Use of emergency room external fixator in provisional reduction of posterior malleolar fractures581-4 Am J Orthop3311Adult Ankle Injuries/radiography/*surgery Emergency Treatment External Fixators Female *Fracture Fixation Humans Skating/*injuriesNov1Closed reduction is an important initial step in managing ankle fractures. Although the majority of ankle fractures can be managed with closed reduction, the posterior malleolar fracture is often unstable. Posterior malleolar fractures may result in persistent posterior ankle dislocation with compromise of the soft tissue surrounding the joint. Persistent dislocation is best treated with urgent open reduction and fixation to protect the cartilage and surrounding soft tissues and to allow for ease of reduction at the time of surgery. We describe a technique for placing an emergency room external fixator for provisional reduction of the unstable posterior malleolar fracture. This technique allows for early reduction of unstable posterior malleolar fractures and avoids the need for urgent operative reduction.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15603521 &1078-4519 Case Reports Journal Article15603521PBrown Medical School/Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02905, USA. =~?Bde Koning, J. J. Foster, C. Lampen, J. Hettinga, F. Bobbert, M. F.2005CExperimental evaluation of the power balance model of speed skating227-33J Appl Physiol981Adolescent Comparative Study Computer Simulation Energy Metabolism/*physiology Exertion/*physiology Female Humans Male *Models, Biological Movement/*physiology Oxygen Consumption/*physiology Skating/*physiologyJanUPrediction of speed skating performance with a power balance model requires assumptions about the kinetics of energy production, skating efficiency, and skating technique. The purpose of this study was to evaluate these parameters during competitive imitations for the purpose of improving model predictions. Elite speed skaters (n = 8) performed races and submaximal efficiency tests. External power output (P(o)) was calculated from movement analysis and aerodynamic models and ice friction measurements. Aerobic kinetics was calculated from breath-by-breath oxygen uptake (Vo(2)). Aerobic power (P(aer)) was calculated from measured skating efficiency. Anaerobic power (P(an)) kinetics was determined by subtracting P(aer) from P(o). We found gross skating efficiency to be 15.8% (1.8%). In the 1,500-m event, the kinetics of P(an) was characterized by a first-order system as P(an) = 88 + 556e(-0.0494t) (in W, where t is time). The rate constant for the increase in P(aer) was -0.153 s(-1), the time delay was 8.7 s, and the peak P(aer) was 234 W; P(aer) was equal to 234[1 - e(-0.153(t-8.7))] (in W). Skating position changed with preextension knee angle increasing and trunk angle decreasing throughout the event. We concluded the pattern of P(aer) to be quite similar to that reported during other competitive imitations, with the exception that the increase in P(aer) was more rapid. The pattern of P(an) does not appear to fit an "all-out" pattern, with near zero values during the last portion of the event, as assumed in our previous model (De Koning JJ, de Groot G, and van Ingen Schenau GJ. J Biomech 25: 573-580, 1992). Skating position changed in ways different from those assumed in our previous model. In addition to allowing improved predictions, the results demonstrate the importance of observations in unique subjects to the process of model construction.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15591304 ;8750-7587 Clinical Trial Journal Article Validation Studies15591304Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boerststraat 9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands. j_j_de_koning@fbw.vu.nl :~?)Ronsen, O. Haugen, O. Hallen, J. Bahr, R.2004bResidual effects of prior exercise and recovery on subsequent exercise-induced metabolic responses498-507Eur J Appl Physiol924-5xAdult Anaerobic Threshold/physiology Bed Rest Body Temperature/physiology Body Weight/physiology Energy Metabolism/physiology Exercise/*physiology Heart Rate/physiology Humans Lactic Acid/blood Male Metabolism/*physiology Oxidation-Reduction Oxygen Consumption/physiology Physical Endurance Pulmonary Gas Exchange/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Skating/physiologyAugData on the metabolic responses to repeated endurance exercise sessions are limited. Thus, the aims of this study were to examine (1) the impact of prior exercise on metabolic responses to a subsequent exercise session and (2) the effect of different recovery periods between two daily exercise sessions on metabolic responses to the second bout of exercise. Nine male elite athletes participated in four 25-h trials: one bout of exercise (ONE), two bouts of exercise separated by 3 h of rest and one meal (SHORT), two bouts of exercise separated by 6 h of rest and two meals (LONG), and a trial with no exercise (REST). All exercise bouts consisted of 10 min cycling at 50% followed by 65 min at 75% of maximal O2 uptake. Compared to no prior exercise (ONE), a previous bout of exercise (SHORT) was followed by higher mean O2 uptake, heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (TR), excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and lower respiratory exchange ratio (R) during and after a similar exercise session 3 h later. A longer rest interval between the two exercise bouts (6 h versus 3 h) and an additional meal resulted in a decrease in O2 uptake, HR, TR and an increase in R during the second bout of exercise, but no effects on post-exercise metabolism were found. Thus, augmented metabolic stress was observed when strenuous exercise was repeated after only 3 h of recovery, but this was attenuated when a longer recovery period including an additional meal was provided between the exercise sessions.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15156321 (1439-6319 Clinical Trial Journal Article15156321kNorwegian Olympic Sports Center, Ullevaal Stadion, Box 4004, 0806 Oslo, Norway. ola.ronsen@olympiatoppen.no~?*Cooper, M. T. McGee, K. M. Anderson, D. G.2003/Epidemiology of athletic head and neck injuries 427-43, viiClin Sports Med223IAdolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/economics/*epidemiology/prevention & control Child Child, Preschool Craniocerebral Trauma/economics/*epidemiology/prevention & control Female Gymnastics/injuries/statistics & numerical data Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data Humans Incidence Male Neck Injuries/economics/*epidemiology/prevention & control Protective Clothing/statistics & numerical data Skating/injuries/statistics & numerical data Spinal Cord Injuries/epidemiology Sports/statistics & numerical data Sports Equipment/statistics & numerical data United States/epidemiologyJulIn this article, we review the available data on sporting injuries to the head and neck and discuss sport-specific injury risk and prevention strategies, as well as the costs of head and neck injuries.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12852678 10278-5919 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial12852678`University of Virginia School of Medicine, P.O. Box 800739, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0739, USA. ~~? Borody, C.2004Neck-tongue syndromee8J Manipulative Physiol Ther275Adult Cervical Vertebrae/physiopathology Dancing Female Head Movements Humans Hypesthesia/etiology/*therapy Hypoglossal Nerve/physiopathology Joint Instability/complications Lingual Nerve/physiopathology *Manipulation, Chiropractic Manipulation, Spinal Models, Neurological Neck Pain/etiology/*therapy Nerve Compression Syndromes/etiology/*therapy Paresthesia/etiology Proprioception/physiology Rotation Skating Spasm/complications *Spinal Nerve Roots/physiopathology Syndrome *TongueJunOBJECTIVE: To discuss a case of neck-tongue syndrome (NTS) affecting a dancer/figure skater, review literature summarizing the pathogenesis and treatment, and offer new categorization of neck-tongue syndrome. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 24-year-old female dancer/skater sought treatment for recurrent episodes of right-sided upper neck pain with associated ipsilateral numbness of her tongue following brisk active rotation. Radiographs revealed a narrowing of the left para-odontoid space. Physical examination revealed a mildly painful restriction in rotation at C1-2 with no apparent muscular hypertonicity. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient had sought chiropractic treatment for this condition several times since she was 8 years old. Diversified chiropractic adjustments were applied to restrictions throughout the cervical spine as determined by the clinician. No other interventions were employed. The patient experienced significant improvement in frequency and intensity of the neck and tongue symptoms following spinal manipulative therapy applied to her cervical spine. CONCLUSIONS: There are 2 categories of NTS: complicated NTS due to the presence of an underlying disease process (inflammatory or degenerative) and uncomplicated NTS (idiopathic or trauma-related). This case report is of uncomplicated NTS that responded favorably to spinal manipulative therapy directed at the cervical spine. In the absence of upper cervical instability, spinal manipulative therapy appears to be beneficial and should be considered in all cases of uncomplicated NTS.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15195046 F1532-6586 Case Reports Journal Article Review Review of Reported Cases15195046QCanadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. cborody@cmcc.ca ~? Looney, M. A.2004%Evaluating judge performance in sport31-47 J Appl Meas51Certification Data Interpretation, Statistical Humans *Models, Statistical Observer Variation Organizational Policy Reproducibility of Results Skating/*standards Sports/*standards Task Performance and AnalysisnMany sports, such as, gymnastics, diving, ski jumping, and figure skating, use judges' scores to determine the winner of a competition. These judges use some type of rating scale when judging performances (e.g., figure skating: 0.0 - 6.0). Sport governing bodies have the responsibility of setting and enforcing quality control parameters for judge performance. Given the judging scandals in figure skating at the 1998 and 2002 Olympics, judge performance in sport is receiving greater scrutiny. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how results from Rasch analyses can be used to provide in-depth feedback to judges about their scoring patterns. Nine judges' scores for 20 pairs of figure skaters who competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics were analyzed using a four-faceted (skater pair ability, skating aspect difficulty, program difficulty, and judge severity) Rasch rating scale model that was not common to all judges. Fit statistics, the logical ordering of skating aspects, skating programs, and separation indices all indicated a good fit of the data to the model. The type of feedback that can be given to judges about their scoring pattern was illustrated for one judge (USA) whose performance was flagged as being unpredictable. Feedback included a detailed description of how the rating scale was used; for example, 10% of all marks given by the American judge were unexpected by the model (Z > |2|). Three figures illustrated differences between the judge's observed and expected marks arranged according to the pairs' skating order and final placement in the competition. Scores which may represent "nationalistic bias" or a skating order influence were flagged by looking at these figures. If sport governing bodies wish to improve the performance of their judges, they need to employ methods that monitor the internal consistency of each judge as a many-facet Rasch analysis does.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14757990 ,1529-7713 Evaluation Studies Journal Article14757990vDepartment of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA. MLooney@niu.edu t~?JHoudijk, H. Heijnsdijk, E. A. de Koning, J. J. de Groot, G. Bobbert, M. F.2000ePhysiological responses that account for the increased power output in speed skating using klapskates283-8Eur J Appl Physiol834 -5Energy Metabolism Exertion Female Humans Lactic Acid/blood Male Oxygen Consumption *Physical Fitness Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Skating/*physiologyNovThe present study investigates which physiological sources support the increase in mechanical power output (W out) that can be obtained using klapskates in speed skating. It was hypothesized that the increase in W out could be achieved through an increase in gross efficiency or an increase in aerobic power (W aer). Six speed skaters performed a submaximal and maximal 1,600-m skating test with both klapskates and conventional skates, to measure gross efficiency and maximal W aer during speed skating. The rate of oxygen uptake (VO2) and post-exercise blood lactate concentrations ([La]) were measured and video recordings were made. W aer was calculated from VO2. W out was derived from the power needed to overcome air and ice friction. Gross efficiency was calculated as the ratio of W out and W aer. In the maximal tests, the subjects skated faster with klapskates compared to conventional skates (10.0 vs 9.6 m x s(-1)). They sustained the resulting higher W out with klapskates with an equal VO2. [La] was, however, 1.7 mmol x l(-1) higher when klapskates were used, which might reflect an increase in anaerobic power. During the submaximal tests the skaters generated equal W out with both types of skate. Although not statistically significant, VO2 and W aer were, on average, lower when klapskates were used compared to conventional skates [mean (SD) 0.3 (0.43) l x min(-1), 105 (143) W]. Despite the lack of a statistically significant difference in W aer, gross efficiency was shown to be significantly higher with klapskates compared to conventional skates (16.3% vs 14.8%, P = 0.02). We conclude that the increase in W out when the subjects were using klapskates could be explained by an increase in gross efficiency rather than an increase in W aer.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11138565 1439-6319 Journal Article11138565fVrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, The Netherlands. h_houdijk@fbw.vu.nl~?BBehm, D. G. Wahl, M. J. Button, D. C. Power, K. E. Anderson, K. G.2005KRelationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures326-31J Strength Cond Res192Adolescent Adult Electromyography Hockey/*physiology Humans Leg/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Musculoskeletal Equilibrium/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Task Performance and AnalysisMayRThe objective of this study was to determine the relationship between specific performance measures and hockey skating speed. Thirty competitive secondary school and junior hockey players were timed for skating speed. Off-ice measures included a 40-yd (36.9-m) sprint, concentric squat jump, drop jump, 1 repetition maximum leg press, flexibility, and balance ratio (wobble board test). Pearson product moment correlations were used to quantify the relationships between the variables. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the dominant vastus lateralis and biceps femoris was monitored in 12 of the players while skating, stopping, turning, and performing a change-of-direction drill. Significant correlations (p < 0.005) were found between skating performance and the sprint and balance tests. Further analysis demonstrated significant correlations between balance and players under the age of 19 years (r = -0.65) but not those over 19 years old (r = -0.28). The significant correlations with balance suggested that stability may be associated with skating speed in younger players. The low correlations with drop jumps suggested that short contact time stretch-shortening activities (i.e., low amplitude plyometrics) may not be an important factor. Electromyographic activities illustrated the very high activation levels associated with maximum skating speed.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15903370 (1064-8011 Clinical Trial Journal Article15903370|School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada. dbehm@mun.ca !~?DBrocherie, F. Babault, N. Cometti, G. Maffiuletti, N. Chatard, J. C.2005UElectrostimulation training effects on the physical performance of ice hockey players455-60Med Sci Sports Exerc373Adaptation, Physiological/physiology Adult Electric Stimulation/*methods Hockey/*physiology Humans Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Physical Education and Training/*methods *Task Performance and Analysis TorqueMar`PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of a short-term electromyostimulation (EMS) training program on the strength of knee extensors, skating, and vertical jump performance of a group of ice hockey players. METHODS: Seventeen ice hockey players participated in this study, with nine in the electrostimulated group (ES) and the remaining height as controls (C). EMS sessions consisted of 30 contractions (4-s duration, 85 Hz) and were carried out 3x wk for 3 wk. Isokinetic strength of the knee extensor muscles was determined with a Biodex dynamometer at different eccentric and concentric angular velocities (angular velocities ranging from -120 to 300 degrees .s). Jumping ability was evaluated during squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), and 15 consecutive CMJ (15J). Sprint times for 10- and 30-m skates in specific conditions were measured using an infrared photoelectric system. RESULTS: After 3 wk of EMS training, isokinetic torque increased significantly (P<0.05) for ES group in eccentric (-120 and -60 degrees .s) and concentric conditions (60 and 300 degrees .s), whereas vertical jump height decreased significantly (P<0.05) for SJ (-2.9+/-2.4 cm), CMJ (-2.1+/-2.0 cm), and DJ (-1.3+/-1.1 cm). The 10-m skating performance was significantly improved (from 2.18+/-0.20 to 2.07+/-0.09 s, before and after the 3-wk EMS period, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that an EMS program of the knee extensors significantly enhanced isokinetic strength (eccentric and for two concentric velocities) and short skating performance of a group of ice hockey players.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15741845 D0195-9131 Clinical Trial Journal Article Randomized Controlled Trial15741845OPerformance Expertise Center, UFR STAPS, University of Burgundy, Dijon, FRANCE.~? Lipetz, J. Kruse, R. J.20006Injuries and special concerns of female figure skaters369-80Clin Sports Med192Biomechanics Female Foot Injuries/etiology/physiopathology Humans Knee Injuries/etiology Leg Injuries/etiology Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Musculoskeletal System/injuries Nutrition Skating/*injuriesAprFigure skaters are often young athletes involved in an extremely stressful, structured environment that is focused solely on skating. These athletes are at risk for a multitude of psychologic concerns, including poor communication skills, performance anxiety, stress, and family issues. Helping athletes develop self-awareness, techniques to control stress and anxiety, motivational strategies, ability to maintain concentration, and emotional balance is best done with the guidance of a sports-trained counseling professional. Communication among the athlete, parents, and coaches is extremely important. Often, coaches tell the athlete how and what to feel, and the athlete falls into a routine of trying to please coaches and parents instead of developing her own persona. The communication between pairs skaters and ice dancers is integral to their success. Excellent interpersonal skills among members of pair teams are advantageous in creating a lasting relationship. Honesty, respect, clarity, consistency, and sincerity are essential components of outstanding teammates and should be cultivated. On the other hand, sarcasm, disrespect, castigation, and ridicule should be addressed immediately and should be discouraged strongly.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=10740765 10278-5919 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial107407653Sports Care Physicians, Toledo Hospital, Ohio, USA. s~?!Rundell, K. W.2004fPulmonary function decay in women ice hockey players: is there a relationship to ice rink air quality?117-23 Inhal Toxicol163{Administration, Inhalation Adult Air Pollutants, Environmental/*toxicity Air Pollution, Indoor/*adverse effects Bronchial Hyperreactivity/*chemically induced Bronchial Spasm/*chemically induced Comparative Study Environmental Illness/etiology Female Fossil Fuels *Hockey Humans Particle Size Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Respiratory Function Tests Vehicle Emissions/*toxicityMarFossil-fueled ice rink resurfacing machines emit high levels of ultrafine and fine particulate matter (PM(1)) and may be related to asthmalike symptoms in skaters. We examined PM(1) exposure and airway status in elite women ice hockey players over 4 training years. Lung function, asthma symptoms, and rink PM(1) were evaluated. Pre- and postexercise spirometry was performed on 14 female hockey players and 9 female control nordic skiers 4 times over 4 yr. Baseline lung functions were normalized to height cubed (Ht(3)) and recalculated to subject mean height (1.69 m) to evaluate change. Venue CO, NO(2), and PM(1) were measured. Training history for hockey players included 2 yr in a low-[PM(1)] rink, followed by transition to high-[PM(1)] fossil fuel machine resurfaced rinks; [PM(1)] for control ski venue was low. [CO] and [NO(2)] were acceptable at all venues. Controls showed no baseline function change over 4 yr. For hockey players, 1997 lung function values at the low-[PM(1)] venue were significantly higher than 2001 high-[PM(1)] venue values (p <.05); decay per year between 1997 and 2001 was greater for FEF(25-75) (251 +/- 185, 83 +/- 40, 109 +/- 58, 109 +/- 187 ml yr(-1), mean +/- SD for FEF(25-75), FVC, FEV1, PEF, respectively; p <.05). No relationships between baseline lung functions and airway hyperresponsiveness or symptoms were identified. Five of 9 controls had symptoms, and 10 of 14 subjects had symptoms. This preliminary study suggests [PM(1)] is related to airway function decay in ice rink athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15204772 0895-8378 Journal Article15204772College of Health Science and Human Services, Keith J. O'Neill Center for Healthy Families, Marywood University, Scranton, Pennsylvania 18509-1598, USA. rundell@marywood.edu ~?"hFoster, C. De Koning, J. J. Hettinga, F. Lampen, J. La Clair, K. L. Dodge, C. Bobbert, M. Porcari, J. P.2003:Pattern of energy expenditure during simulated competition826-31Med Sci Sports Exerc355"Adult Anaerobic Threshold/physiology Bicycling/physiology Comparative Study Energy Metabolism/*physiology *Exercise Test Exertion/physiology Female Humans Male Oxygen Consumption Probability Prospective Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sensitivity and Specificity Skating/physiologyMayPURPOSE: To determine how athletes spontaneously use their energetic reserves when the only instruction was to finish in minimal time, and whether experience from repeated performance changes the strategy of recreational athletes. METHODS: Recreational road cyclists/speed skaters (N = 9) completed three laboratory time trials of 1500 m on a windload braked cycle. The pattern of energy use was calculated from total work and from the work attributable to aerobic metabolism, which allowed computation of anaerobic energy use. Regional level speed skaters (N = 8) also performed a single 1500-m time trial with the same protocol and measurements. RESULTS: The serial trials were completed in (mean +/- SD) 133.8 +/- 6.6, 133.9 +/- 5.8, 133.8 +/- 5.5 s (P > 0.05 among trials); and in 125.7 +/- 10.9 s in the skaters (P < 0.05 vs cyclists). The [OV0312]O(2peak) during the terminal 200 m was similar within trials (3.23 +/- 0.44, 3.34 +/- 0.44, 3.30 +/- 0.51 (P > 0.05)) versus 3.91 +/- 0.68 L.min-1 in the skaters (P < 0.05 vs cyclists). In all events, the initial power output and anaerobic energy use was high and decayed to a more or less constant value ( approximately 25% of peak) over the remainder of the event. Contrary to predictions based on an assumed "all out" starting strategy, the subjects reserved some of their ability to perform anaerobic work for a terminal acceleration. The total work accomplished was not different between trials (43.53, 43.78, and 47.48 kJ in the recreational athletes, or between the cyclists and skaters (47.79 kJ). The work attributable to anaerobic sources was not different between the rides (20.67, 20.53, and 21.12 kJ in the recreational athletes). In the skaters, the work attributable to anaerobic sources was significantly larger versus the cyclists (24.67 kJ). CONCLUSION: Energy expenditure during high-intensity cycling seems: 1) to be expended in a manner that allows the athlete to preserve an anaerobic energetic contribution throughout an event, 2) does not appear to have a large learning effect in already well trained cyclists, and 3) anaerobic energy expenditure may be the performance discriminating factor among groups of athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12750593 0195-9131 Journal Article12750593|Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA. foster.carl@uwlax.edu.~?#Bruine de Bruin, W.2005PSave the last dance for me: unwanted serial position effects in jury evaluations245-60Acta Psychol (Amst)1183 Choice Behavior/*physiology Humans Judgment/*physiology Linear Models Memory, Short-Term/*physiology Mental Recall/physiology Models, Statistical *Observer Variation *Random Allocation Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. SkatingMaryWhenever competing options are considered in sequence, their evaluations may be affected by order of appearance. Such serial position effects would threaten the fairness of competitions using jury evaluations. Randomization cannot reduce potential order effects, but it does give candidates an equal chance of being assigned to preferred serial positions. Whether, or what, serial position effects emerge may depend on the cognitive demands of the judgment task. In end-of-sequence procedures, final scores are not given until all candidates have performed, possibly burdening judges' memory. If judges' evaluations are based on how well they remember performances, serial position effects may resemble those found with free recall. Candidates may also be evaluated step-by-step, immediately after each performance. This procedure should not burden memory, though it may produce different serial position effects. Yet, this paper reports similar serial position effects with end-of-sequence and step-by-step procedures used for the Eurovision Song Contest: Ratings increased with serial position. The linear order effect was replicated in the step-by-step judgments of World and European Figure Skating Contests. It is proposed that, independent of the evaluation procedure, judges' initial impressions of sequentially appearing candidates may be formed step-by-step, yielding serial position effects.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15698823 0001-6918 Journal Article15698823hDepartment of Technology Management, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. wandi@cmu.educ~?$ Bracko, M. R.2001TOn-ice performance characteristics of elite and non-elite women's ice hockey players42-7J Strength Cond Res151Adolescent Adult Age Distribution Body Height Body Weight Comparative Study Exercise/physiology Female Hockey/*physiology Humans Physical Education and Training/*methods Physical Fitness *Task Performance and AnalysisFebThe purpose of this study was to compare skating performance and on-ice fitness of elite and non-elite women's ice hockey players. Twenty-three players who were participants in an organized women's hockey training program were tested. Seven of the elite players were members of the 1996/ 1997 Canadian National Team and 1 was from the Finnish National Team. Skating tests included (a) agility cornering S turn (AGL), (b) 6.10-m acceleration (ACC), (c) 47.85-m speed (SPD), (d) 15.20-m full speed (FSPD), and (e) Reed repeat sprint skate test (RRS). Elite players were older (25 +/- 5.34 vs. 19 +/- 2.65 years) and had better performance in the following variables: FSPD (1.88 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.96 +/- 0.86 seconds); RRS, drop-off percent (23.25 +/- 5.85% vs. 34.98 +/- 8.45%), drop-off time (3.43 +/- 0.78 vs. 5.35 +/- 1.23 seconds); sum of 6 repeats (101.96 +/- 2.74 vs. 112.78 +/- 4.61 seconds); and anaerobic capacity (AnCap; 5.35 +/- 0.14 W x kg(-1) vs. 4.87 +/- 0.19 W x kg(-1)) as calculated by the formulas of Watson and Sargeant (23). These results suggest that elite women's ice hockey players are older, faster skaters; have a better drop-off percent, drop-off time, and sum of 6 repeats in a repeat skate test; and have greater on-ice anaerobic capacity than non-elite players.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=11708705 (1064-8011 Clinical Trial Journal Article117087058Institute for Hockey Research, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. ~?%DO'Rourke, K. P. Mun, S. Browne, M. Sheehan, J. Cusack, S. Molloy, M.2005A retrospective study of the demographics of sport and exercise injuries in 1143 children presenting to an Irish emergency department over a 6-month period421-6 Eur J Pediatr16473Accidental Falls/statistics & numerical data Arm Injuries/epidemiology Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology Craniocerebral Trauma/epidemiology Emergency Service, Hospital Female Football/injuries Fractures, Bone/epidemiology Humans Ireland/epidemiology Male Retrospective Studies Skating/injuries Soccer/injuriesJulThe purpose of this study was to provide up-to-date data on the nature of sport related injury (SRI) presenting to a large emergency department in Ireland. Data were collected retrospectively on all children under 17 years of age with a SRI, presenting to the emergency department of a major teaching hospital, over a 6-month period, and entered into a Microsoft Access database. A total of 1143 SRIs were identified which had occurred over a 6-month period, from 53 different sports. There was a high proportion of humerus and back SRIs in females, and a higher proportion of falls in females. Males were more frequently involved in collisions. Children with SRI were not using protective equipment in 94% of cases. Advice regarding rest, ice, compression and elevation (RICE)/general injury advice was given to 25% of patients and regarding injury preventive measures in less than 0.1% of cases. Of children, 28% had previously attended with a SRI. We also observed a lower rate of analgesia prescription to children under age 4, compared to children of an older age, and rarity of topical analgesic prescription. Overall, 10% of SRIs required admission, with 65% of these cases needing orthopaedic intervention. CONCLUSION: The data provided from this study should raise awareness of the different aspects of sport related injuries affecting children, and may help to provide the impetus for suggesting direction and guidance for reducing such events.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15812663 !0340-6199 (Print) Journal Article15812663sDepartment of Rheumatology and Sports Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. killianorourke@ireland.com ~?&+Haguenauer, M. Legreneur, P. Monteil, K. M.2006BInfluence of figure skating skates on vertical jumping performance699-707 J Biomech394The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of wearing figure skating skates on vertical jump performance and interjoint co-ordinations described in terms of sequencing and timing of joint rotations. Ten national to international figure skaters were filmed while performing a squat jump (SJ) on a force platform. Three experimental conditions were successively realized: barefoot (BF), lifting a 1.5 kg weight (LW) corresponding to the skates' mass, attached on the distal extremity of each leg and wearing skates (SK). Jump height, angular kinematics as well as joints kinetics were calculated. Relative to the SJ height reached in the BF condition, SJ performance was significantly decreased by 2.1 and 5.5 cm in the LW and SK conditions, respectively. The restriction of ankle amplitude imposed by wearing skates was found to significantly limit the knee joint amplitude while the hip angular motion was not affected. Neither the skates' mass nor the limited ankle angular motion modified the proximo-distal organization of joint co-ordination observed when jumping barefoot. However, with plantar flexion restriction, the delay between hip and knee extensions increased while it was reduced between knee and ankle extensions. Work output at the knee and ankle joints were significantly lowered when wearing skates. The decrease of work at the knee was shown to result from an early flexing moment causing a premature deceleration of the knee and from a reduction of knee amplitude. Taken together, these results show a minimization of the participation of the knee when plantar flexion is limited. It was proposed that constraining the distal joint causes a reorganization of interjoint co-ordinations and a redistribution of the energy produced by knee extensors to the hip and ankle joints.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16439239 !0021-9290 (Print) Journal Article16439239Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, Universite Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, 27-29, Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, 69 622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. marianne.haguenauer@univ-lyon1.frF~?'+Krieg, A. Meyer, T. Clas, S. Kindermann, W.2006QCharacteristics of Inline Speedskating - Incremental Tests and Effect of DraftingInt J Sports MedFeb 1HCompetitive inline speedskating combines a movement pattern similar to speedskating on ice with pack-oriented competition modes known from cycling. The deep-seated body position leads to high static load and, thus, restricted blood flow within propulsive muscles. This condition may affect lactate kinetics and limit V.O (2peak). The present study compares physiologic reactions to graded cycling and skating exercise among top-level inline speedskaters and quantifies the effect of drafting. Eight male inline speedskaters of the top national level were examined. The study consisted of two graded exhaustive exercise tests (cycling and speedskating) and a pairwise drafting test. All tests were carried out with simultaneous gas exchange (MetaMax 2, Cortex, Germany) and heart rate measurements as well as determination of blood lactate concentrations. Maximal values of oxygen consumption (cycling: 4.91 +/- 0.60; skating: 4.85 +/- 0.50 l . min (-1); p = 0.78), lactate concentration, or heart rate were similar for cycling and skating. At workloads corresponding to blood lactate concentrations of 4 mmol . l (-1) oxygen uptake (cycling: 3.24 +/- 0.65; skating: 3.97 +/- 0.40 l . min (-1); p < 0.05) and heart rate (cycling: 162 +/- 9; skating: 173 +/- 6 min (-1); p < 0.05) were significantly higher during skating. The differences in heart rate ranged between - 2 and 23 min (-1). The drafting effect was 15 +/- 6 % at 30 km . h (-1) (3.34 +/- 0.19 vs. 2.83 +/- 0.29 l . min (-1)) and 14 +/- 5 % at 33 km . h (-1) (3.87 +/- 0.26 vs. 3.32 +/- 0.27 l . min (-1)). During inline speedskating the attainment of V.O (2peak) is not impaired when compared to cycling exercise. However, the derivation of exercise prescriptions from a stepwise cycling test does not seem appropriate. The drafting effect of inline speedskating is within the range known from cycling.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16586325 !0172-4622 (Print) Journal article16586325^Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of the Saarland, Saarbrucken, Germany.~?(Knox, C. L. Comstock, D. R.2006:Nonparticipant injuries associated with skating activities164-7Pediatr Emerg Care223Mar%OBJECTIVE: Children are at risk for injury even if they are not active recreational participants. This study describes the epidemiology of pediatric nonparticipant skating-related injuries treated in hospital emergency departments in the United States from 1993 to 2003. METHODS: Narratives of injuries identified by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System consumer product codes as ice-skating, roller-skating, and in-line skating-related were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty-eight children were treated for nonparticipant skating-related injuries in National Electronic Injury Surveillance System emergency departments. Mechanisms of injury included being stepped on (36.2%), dropped (34.5%), or kicked (12.1%) by skaters and collision with skaters (17.2%). The most common body regions injured were the lower extremities (41.4%), upper extremities (24.1%), and head (20.7%). Contusions/abrasions (32.8%), lacerations (20.7%), and fractures (19.0%) were the most common diagnoses. Children who were dropped sustained more head injuries than children injured by other mechanisms (relative risk [RR], 20.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9-150.5; P < 0.001) and were younger than those stepped on (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2; P = 0.02) or kicked (RR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.1-40.9; P < 0.001). Children stepped on by skaters experienced more injuries to the extremities than children who were dropped by (RR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.7-6.5; P < 0.001) or collided with skaters (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.0-2.8; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Children are at risk for injury when they are around skaters. The risk of such injuries can be reduced if children are never carried by skaters, young children are closely supervised to avoid collisions, and skaters are cautioned against kicking or stepping on other children.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16628098 &1535-1815 (Electronic) Journal Article16628098Center for Injury Research and Policy, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA. knoxc@ccri.net~?)8Dillon, J. P. Geurin, S. Laing, A. J. Ryan, D. Dolan, M.2006SThe impact of ice-skating injuries on orthopaedic admissions in a regional hospital7-8Ir Med J991JAdolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/epidemiology Child Female Fractures, Bone/*epidemiology/therapy Humans Ireland/epidemiology Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data Male Middle Aged Patient Admission/*statistics & numerical data Prospective Studies Protective Clothing Sick Leave/statistics & numerical data Skating/*injuriesJanSince the opening of a temporary ice-rink in our hospital's catchment area, we have observed an increase in patients requiring in-patient treatment for orthopaedic intervention. The authors performed a prospective analysis of all patients admitted to our unit over a one-month period. Epidemiological data, wearing of protective gear and skater experience were collected. Fracture type, treatment required, average length of hospital stay and number of days missed from work was also recorded. Ice-skating injuries accounted for 7.7% of our total admissions over the study period. There was a significant variation noted in the types of fracture sustained ranging from comminuted fractures of the radial head to spiral fractures of the tibia. The average length of hospital stay was 2.6 days and average time missed from work was 6.1 weeks. This paper highlights the potential serious injuries that can occur in ice-skating and their impact on admissions to our orthopaedic unit.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16506680 !0332-3102 (Print) Journal Article16506680RDepartment of Orthopaedics, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork. dillonjp@o2.iew~?*.Lockwood, K. L. Gervais, P. J. McCreary, D. R.2006^Landing for success: a biomechanical and perceptual analysis of on-ice jumps in figure skating231-41Sports Biomech52JulTechnical evaluation in the sport of figure skating is characterized by a subjective marking system. Figure skating judges are responsible for quickly and accurately discerning the quality of technical elements as well as assigning a score to the overall aesthetic appearance of a performance. Traditionally, overall placement marks are assigned for the entire performance; however, the landing of a jump is widely acknowledged as one of the most critical elements of a skater's program. Therefore, our aims were to identify the biomechanical variables that contribute to technical success in executing landings and to establish whether landings rated as biomechanically optimal are also awarded high technical merit scores by judges. Ten nationally ranked competitive figure skaters were asked to execute on-ice, double and triple revolution jumps and to try to land the jumps void of technical faults within a calibrated space. Data were collected at 60 Hz using standard three-dimensional videography. Data reduction was done using the APAS system (Ariel Dynamics Inc). Concurrently, videotapes were viewed and evaluated by 42 accredited judges to determine the perceived technical quality of the landing performances. Judges were asked to evaluate the landing phase of each jump against a landing criteria document. A comparative criteria model was developed to facilitate an assessment of excellence in landing performances through both empirical and subjective analyses. Results of these analyses were twofold: a biomechanical profile of on-ice landings was obtained, and on-ice jump landing strategies rated by empirical evaluations were in agreement with judge's perceptions of the same performances.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16939155 !1476-3141 (Print) Journal Article16939155aDepartment of Physical Education & Kinesiology, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada.F~?+Bruine de Bruin, W.2006TSave the last dance II: Unwanted serial position effects in figure skating judgmentsActa Psychol (Amst)Mar 14Serial position effects may occur whenever options are judged in sequence, as is the case in figure skating competitions. International figure skating competitions consist of at least two rounds, with serial position being randomized in the first round. Figure skaters with better scores in the first round perform later in the second round. Despite the initial randomization of serial position, figure skaters who perform later in the first round receive better scores in first and in the second round. The findings presented here replicate those of Bruine de Bruin (2005) [Save the last dance for me: unwanted serial position effects in jury evaluations. Acta Psychologica, 118, 245-260], using a larger dataset, and addressing potential concerns about Bruine de Bruin's analyses.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16542632 !0001-6918 (Print) Journal article16542632rDepartment of Social and Decision Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Porter Hall 208, Pittsburgh PA 15213, USA.~?,Bradley, M. A.2006EPrevention and treatment of foot and ankle injuries in figure skaters258-61Curr Sports Med Rep55SepParticipation in the sport of figure skating has more than doubled in the past 10 years. The sport has changed with an increased emphasis on free skating, which includes jumps and spins. The actual art of "figure" skating has been eliminated from the sport. With this change, there is an increased volume of foot and ankle injuries in figure skaters. This report outlines common foot and ankle injuries in figure skaters, discusses possible causes, and outlines treatment options.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16934208 &1537-8918 (Electronic) Journal Article16934208jHigh Performance Sports Medicine,10 Centennial Drive, Peabody, MA 01960, USA. mahlon.bradley@hpscenter.com ~?-DDubravcic-Simunjak, S. Kuipers, H. Moran, J. Simunjak, B. Pecina, M.2006 Injuries in synchronized skating493-9Int J Sports Med276Jun Synchronized skating is a relatively new competitive sport and data about injuries in this discipline are lacking. Therefore the purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and pattern of acute and overuse injuries in synchronized skaters. Before and during the World Synchronized Skating Championship 2004, a questionnaire inquiring about the frequency of injuries in this skating discipline was given to 23 participating teams. A total of 514 women and 14 men senior skaters completed the questionnaires (100 % response). Two hundred and eighteen (42.4 %) female and 6 (42.9 %) male skaters had suffered from acute injuries during their synchronized skating career. As some skaters had suffered from more than one injury, the total number of acute injuries in females was 398 and in males 14. In female skaters 19.8 % of acute injuries were head injuries, 7.1 % trunk, 33.2 % upper, and 39.9 % lower extremity injuries. In male skaters 14.3 % were head injuries, 28.6 % upper, and 57.1 % lower extremity injuries, with no report of trunk injuries. Sixty-nine female and 2 male skaters had low back problems and 112 female and 2 male skaters had one or more overuse syndromes during their skating career. Of 155 overuse injuries in female skaters, 102 (65.8 %) occurred during their figure skating career, while 53 injuries (34.2 %) only occurred when they skated in synchronized skating teams. In male skaters, out of 5 overuse injuries, 4 (80 %) occurred in their figure skating career, while 1 (20 %) occurred during their synchronized skating career. Out of the total of 412 injuries, 338 (82 %) occurred during on-ice practice, while 74 (18 %) happened during off-ice training. Ninety-one (26.9 %) acute injures occurred while practicing individual elements, and 247 (73.1 %) on-ice injuries occurred while practicing different team elements. We conclude that injuries in synchronized skating should be of medical concern due to an increasing number of acute injuries, especially those that go beyond the soft tissue and include head injuries and fractures. We feel that these more significant injuries MAY TO SOME EXTENT BE attributable to the increasing physical demands and technical difficulty required of the teams now participating in a more competitive environment over the last four years.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16767614 !0172-4622 (Print) Journal Article16767614Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, General Hospital Sveti Duh, Zagreb, Croatia. sanda-dubravcic.simunjak@zg.htnet.hr ~?.5Knox, C. L. Comstock, R. D. McGeehan, J. Smith, G. A.2006rDifferences in the risk associated with head injury for pediatric ice skaters, roller skaters, and in-line skaters549-54 Pediatrics1182OAccidental Falls/*statistics & numerical data Adolescent Arm Injuries/epidemiology/etiology/prevention & control Brain Concussion/epidemiology/etiology Child Child, Preschool Comparative Study Craniocerebral Trauma/*epidemiology/prevention & control Emergency Service, Hospital/statistics & numerical data Facial Injuries/epidemiology/etiology Female Fractures, Bone/epidemiology/etiology Head Protective Devices Humans Infant Lacerations/epidemiology/etiology Male Protective Devices Risk Skating/classification/*injuries Sprains and Strains/epidemiology/etiology United States/epidemiologyAugOBJECTIVE: The goals were to describe the epidemiologic features of pediatric skating-related injuries sustained from 1993 to 2003 and to compare ice skating-related injuries with roller skating--and in-line skating-related injuries. METHODS: An analysis of pediatric skating-related injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission was performed. RESULTS: An estimated 1 235 467 pediatric skating participants presented to hospital emergency departments with injuries between 1993 and 2003. These children had a mean age of 10.9 years (SD: 3.2 years; range: 1-18 years), and 50.0% were male. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall (83.1%). Ice skaters sustained a greater proportion of head injuries (13.3%), compared with roller skaters (4.4%) and in-line skaters (5.0%). Ice skaters also experienced a greater proportion of concussions (4.3%), compared with roller skaters (0.6%) and in-line skaters (0.8%). The proportion of facial injuries among ice skaters was greater than the proportions among roller skaters and in-line skaters. The majority of roller skating-and in-line skating-related injuries were upper-extremity fractures (53.9% and 59.7%, respectively). Children < or = 6 years of age experienced a greater proportion of head and facial injuries than did older children in each skating activity. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiologic features of pediatric ice skating-related injuries differ from those of roller skating--and in-line skating-related injuries. Children should wear helmets during all recreational skating activities, especially ice skating, because of the risk of serious head injuries. Wrist guards should be worn to protect against the common upper-extremity fractures sustained during skating.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16882806 &1098-4275 (Electronic) Journal Article16882806Center for Injury Research and Policy, Columbus Children's Research Institute, Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA. knoxc@pediatrics.ohio-state.eduPKP7I/**refs.FRM 0B< !// !HPRIMARYyearIndex 6ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! 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