PKA97refs.MYD<~?Asseman, F. Gahery, Y.2005REffect of head position and visual condition on balance control in inverted stance134-7 Neurosci Lett3752Adult Afferent Pathways/physiology Biomechanics Cervical Vertebrae/innervation/physiology Feedback/physiology Female Gymnastics/physiology Head Movements/*physiology Humans Male Muscle Contraction/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/physiology Musculoskeletal Equilibrium/*physiology Posture/*physiology Proprioception/*physiology Psychomotor Performance/physiology Reflex/physiology Sensory Deprivation/physiology Vestibule/physiology Visual Perception/*physiology Zygapophyseal Joint/innervation/physiologyFeb 28WThis study analyzed the effect of head position and visual condition on the control of balance in handstand, a gymnastics posture that necessitates adaptation of sensory information processing. Five expert gymnasts participated. Centre of pressure trajectories and kinematics of different body segments were recorded. The gymnasts were instructed to maintain three handstands as long as possible in four head positions, with and without vision. Performances and postural stability was much better in the standard and dorsiflexion positions than in the aligned and ventroflexion positions under the two conditions of vision. Performances were lower without vision in the standard and dorsiflexion position. If vision clearly plays an important role, yet the tonic neck reflexes also seem to contribute greatly to control body sways during inverted posture.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15670656 0304-3940 Journal Article15670656Universite de Provence/CNRS, Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Integrative et Adaptative, 52 Faculte St-Jerome, 13397 Marseille, Cedex 20, France. asseman@univ-tln.frz~? Bradshaw, E.2004LTarget-directed running in gymnastics: a preliminary exploration of vaulting125-44Sports Biomech31Adolescent Biomechanics Female Gait/physiology Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Running/*physiology Sports Equipment *Task Performance and Analysis Visual Perception/physiologyJanfResearch to date has demonstrated the importance of running speed and an accurate take-off on gymnastics vaulting performance (Krug et al., 1998; Bohne et al., 2000). Current training practice for gymnastics vaulting is to stereotype the 15-25 m run-ups to the board, which assumes that a fast and reliable approach is best controlled predominantly without visual feedback. Incidences where gymnasts make errors during their run-ups, often landing onto the back of the board, occur frequently, even at the international level. The standard deviation method (e.g. Lee et al., 1982) for identifying visual regulation in long jump run-ups was employed in this first exploration of gymnastics vaulting to examine whether visual regulation processes are utilised. Secondly, the question of how a small number of gymnasts can run fast during the approach and perform more difficult vaults was addressed. Five elite female gymnasts aged 13-15 years performed five round-off entry vaults. One panning 50 Hz video camera recorded each trial from an elevated platform to evaluate the approach step, hurdle, and round-off characteristics, whilst two 250 Hz cameras recorded vaulting performance. Two qualified judges viewed each vaulting trial and provided a performance score. A precursor for a fast take-off from the board when vaulting is to utilise vision early to control the approach kinematics (p = 0.02). High take-off velocity was directly related to judge's score (p = 0.03). Coaches need to supplement gymnasts' vault training to include exercises that improve the gymnasts' ability to visually regulate their gait pattern whilst running.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15079992 (1476-3141 Clinical Trial Journal Article15079992'New Zealand Academy of Sport, Auckland. T~?AMunoz, M. T. de la Piedra, C. Barrios, V. Garrido, G. Argente, J.2004|Changes in bone density and bone markers in rhythmic gymnasts and ballet dancers: implications for puberty and leptin levels491-6Eur J Endocrinol1514Adolescent Biological Markers *Bone Density Comparative Study *Dancing Female *Gymnastics Humans Leptin/*blood Lumbar Vertebrae Menarche Oligomenorrhea/blood *PubertyOctOBJECTIVE: Our aim was to compare physical activity and biochemical markers with bone mineral acquisition in rhythmic gymnasts and ballet dancers. METHODS: Weight, height, body mass index, nutritional intake, bone age and menstrual histories were analyzed in nine rhythmic gymnasts, twelve ballet dancers and fourteen controls. Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by X-ray absorptiometry at the lumbar spine, hip and radius. Bone alkaline phosphatase (bAP) and amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen I (PNIP) in serum and urinary alpha-isomer of the carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen I (alpha-CTX) were measured. RESULTS: Bone age was delayed 2 years and mean age at menarche was 15+/-0.9 years in rhythmic gymnasts and 13.7+/-1 years in ballet dancers, compared with 12.5+/-1 years in controls. Trocanteric and femoral neck BMD was significantly higher in rhythmic gymnasts compared with ballet dancers and controls. Right forearm (non-loaded zone) BMD was significantly decreased in rhythmic gymnasts and ballet dancers compared with controls. All subjects had normal bAP and PNIP levels, but the alpha-CTX/creatinine (Cr) ratio was increased in rhythmic gymnasts (P<0.001) with an inverse correlation between right forearm BMD and the alpha-CTX/Cr ratio (r=-0.74, P<0.001). Serum leptin levels were decreased in rhythmic gymnasts and ballet dancers. Rhythmic gymnasts had a positive correlation between right forearm BMD and leptin levels (r=0.85, P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased bone mass in rhythmic gymnasts could be partially explained by an increase in bone resorption. Serum leptin levels could be implicated in the pubertal delay and be a good marker of bone mass in these subjects.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15476450 0804-4643 Journal Article15476450kServicio de Endocrinologia, Hospital Infantil Universitario Nino Jesus, Madrid, Spain. muunozmaite@yahoo.es~?8Kirialanis, P. Malliou, P. Beneka, A. Giannakopoulos, K.2003dOccurrence of acute lower limb injuries in artistic gymnasts in relation to event and exercise phase137-9Br J Sports Med372Acute Disease Adolescent Ankle Injuries/*epidemiology Child Cumulative Trauma Disorders/*epidemiology Female Greece/epidemiology Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Knee Injuries/*epidemiology Male PrevalenceAprOBJECTIVES: To record the incidence of lower limb injuries (acute and overuse syndromes) in Greek artistic gymnasts in relation to the event and exercise phase. METHODS: A total of 162 gymnasts (83 male and 79 female athletes) participating in the Greek artistic gymnastic championships were observed weekly for the 1999-2000 season. RESULTS: Ninety three (61.6%) acute injuries and 58 (38.4%) overuse syndromes were recorded. The most common anatomical location was the ankle (69 cases, 45.7%), followed by the knee (40 cases, 26.5%). The rate of mild injuries was 26.6% (25 cases), that of moderate injuries was 44% (41 cases), and that of major injuries was 29% (27 cases). The incidence of injury to the ankle and knee was significantly higher in the floor exercise, especially during the landing phase, than in the other events. CONCLUSIONS: By its nature, gymnastics predisposes to acute injuries, but up to 75% are mild or moderate. Special attention should be paid to the floor exercise, especially the landing phase.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12663355 0306-3674 Journal Article12663355\Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.~?Yi, S. Chang, C. J.2003(Subtalar dislocation in a female gymnast265-6Curr Sports Med Rep25vAdolescent Dislocations/*etiology/therapy Early Ambulation Female Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Subtalar Joint/*injuriesOctfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12959707 &1537-890x Case Reports Journal Article12959707~?,Holmstrom, M. C. Greis, P. E. Horwitz, D. S.2003xChronic ischial apophysitis in a gymnast treated with transapophyseal drilling to effect "apophysiodesis". A case report294-6Am J Sports Med312bAdolescent Chronic Disease Curettage Female Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Ischium/*injuries/*surgeryMar-Aprfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12642268 &0363-5465 Case Reports Journal Article12642268#Alta View Orthopedics, Sandy, Utah.~? Davlin, C. D.2004&Dynamic balance in high level athletes1171-6Percept Mot Skills983 Pt 2sAdolescent Adult Competitive Behavior Female *Gymnastics Humans Male *Musculoskeletal Equilibrium *Soccer *SwimmingJunThe purpose of this study was to investigate dynamic balance performance in highly skilled athletes. Participating athletes were currently competing at the collegiate Division I, professional, elite, or Olympic levels, or their individual coaches believed the athlete performed comparably to these levels. High level male and female gymnasts (n=57, M age=17.3 yr., SD=4.1), soccer players (n=58, M age= 19.8 yr., SD=1.6), swimmers (n=70, M age= 17.1 yr., SD=2.5), and individuals with no formal competitive sport experience (n=61, M age= 16.8 yr., SD= 2.0) volunteered. Dynamic balance performance was measured on a stabilometer, which requires participants to continuously adjust posture to maintain an unstable platform in the horizontal position for 30 sec. Each participant performed 3 practice trials followed by 7 test trials. Analysis indicated that athletes were superior to nonathletes in balance performance. Gymnasts performed better on the dynamic balance task than all other groups. Soccer players and swimmers performed similarly and were superior to the control subjects. There was no difference between the performance of men and women. Moderate to high negative correlations were found between dynamic balance performance and height and weight.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15291203 0031-5125 Journal Article15291203XDepartment of Sport Studies, Xavier University, Cincinnati, OH 45207, USA. davlin@xu.edu~?Vuillerme, N. Nougier, V.2004VAttentional demand for regulating postural sway: the effect of expertise in gymnastics161-5Brain Res Bull632Adolescent Adult Analysis of Variance Attention/*physiology Comparative Study Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male Posture/*physiology *Professional Competence Reaction Time/physiology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tMar 15A dual-task paradigm was used to investigate whether the expertise in motor skills requiring a fine postural control can modify the attentional demand necessary for regulating postural sway. Seven expert gymnasts and seven experts in other non-gymnastic sports were asked to respond as rapidly as possible to an unpredictable auditory stimulus while maintaining stable seated and in three upright postures of increasing difficulty: bipedal, unipedal, and unipedal on an unstable support (i.e. a 7 cm thick foam surface). RT values were used as an index of the attentional demand necessary for performing the postural tasks. Results showed that the attentional demand necessary for regulating postural sway increased as the postural task increased in difficulty. Interestingly, this effect was smaller for the gymnasts during unipedal stance. These findings suggest a decreased dependency on attentional processes for regulating postural sway during unipedal stance in gymnasts with respect to non-gymnasts.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15130706 0361-9230 Journal Article15130706Laboratoire Sport et Performance Motrice, Universite Joseph Fourier, BP 53, 38041 Grenoble cedex 9, France. Nicolas.Vuillerme@ujf-grenoble.fr ~? Yeadon, M. R. Brewin, M. A.20038Optimised performance of the backward longswing on rings545-52 J Biomech364%Arm/*physiology Comparative Study Computer Simulation Elasticity Gymnastics/*physiology Hip/physiology Humans *Models, Biological Movement/*physiology Quality Control Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sensitivity and Specificity Stress, Mechanical *Task Performance and Analysis Video RecordingAprEMany elite gymnasts perform the straight arm backward longswing on rings in competition. Since points are deducted if gymnasts possess motion on completion of the movement, the ability to successfully perform the longswing to a stationary final handstand is of great importance. Sprigings et al. (1998) found that for a longswing initiated from a still handstand the optimum performance of an inelastic planar simulation model resulted in a residual swing of more than 3 degrees in the final handstand.For the present study, a three-dimensional simulation model of a gymnast swinging on rings, incorporating lateral arm movements used by gymnasts and mandatory apparatus elasticity, was used to investigate the possibility of performing a backward longswing initiated and completed in handstands with minimal swing. Root mean square differences between the actual and simulated performances for the orientations of the gymnast and rings cables, the combined cable tension and the extension of the gymnast were 3.2 degrees, 1.0 degrees, 270N and 0.05m respectively.The optimised simulated performance initiated from a handstand with 2.1 degrees of swing and using realistic changes to the gymnast's technique resulted in 0.6 degrees of residual swing in the final handstand. The sensitivity of the backward longswing to perturbations in the technique used for the optimised performance was determined. For a final handstand with minimal residual swing (2 degrees) the changes in body configuration must be timed to within 15 ms while a delay of 30 ms will result in considerable residual swing (7 degrees).fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12600345 ?0021-9290 Evaluation Studies Journal Article Validation Studies12600345ZSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.~? TThomis, M. Claessens, A. L. Lefevre, J. Philippaerts, R. Beunen, G. P. Malina, R. M.2005+Adolescent growth spurts in female gymnasts239-44 J Pediatr1462Adolescent Age Factors Belgium Body Height Body Weight Comparative Study Female Growth and Development/*physiology Gymnastics/*physiology HumansFebIOBJECTIVES: Three questions were addressed: (1) Do female gymnasts have adolescent growth spurts in height, sitting height, and leg length? (2) Are the sequence and magnitude of spurts comparable with female adolescent non-athletes? (3) How do the data compare with other female gymnasts and with short girls? STUDY DESIGN: Height and sitting height were measured annually on 15 Belgian gymnasts from 8.7 +/- 1.5 to 15.5 +/- 1.5 years. The gymnasts trained, on average, approximately 15 h/wk. Leg length was estimated as height minus sitting height. The Preece-Baines Model I was fitted to individual growth records to estimate ages at peak velocity and peak velocities for the three dimensions. Age at menarche and skeletal age were also assessed. RESULTS: Gymnasts have clearly defined adolescent spurts in height, estimated leg length, and sitting height that occur approximately 1 year later and are slightly less intense than in nonathletic adolescent girls. Age at menarche and skeletal age are consistent with later somatic maturation. The pattern of adolescent growth and maturation is similar to that of other gymnasts, short normal late-maturing girls, and late-maturing girls with short parents. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize a primary role for constitutional factors in the selection process of female gymnasts at relatively young ages.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15689917 0022-3476 Journal Article15689917Department of Sport and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ~? OCupisti, A. D'Alessandro, C. Evangelisti, I. Piazza, M. Galetta, F. Morelli, E.2004.Low back pain in competitive rhythmic gymnasts49-53J Sports Med Phys Fitness441gAdolescent Adult Body Mass Index Case-Control Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Female Gymnastics/*injuries/physiology Humans Italy/epidemiology Low Back Pain/*epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology/physiology Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Physical Education and Training/methods Posture/physiology Prevalence Questionnaires Risk FactorsMarlAIM: It has been reported that rhythmic gymnasts are at risk of suffering from low back injuries, because of repetitive lumbar hyperextensions. On the other hand, this sport requires features of leanness, muscular strength and flexibility that should represent protective factors for back pain. METHODS: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of low back pain in 67 club-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts aged 13-19 years. A standardized questionnaire was used to evaluate back-pain symptoms. Anthropometric measurements, time spent in physical activity, psychological testing results, smoking habits and age of menarche were recorded. One hundred and four age-matched general females served as control group. RESULTS: Low back pain complaints were reported by 7 rhythmic gymnasts and by 27 controls (10.4% vs 26.0%, p<0.05); the prevalent location of back pain was bilateral in gymnasts and central in controls. Gymnasts had lower body weight, body mass index, fat body mass and delayed menarche. The females with low-back pain displayed higher body weight, body mass index, fat body mass, age, a greater smoking habit and more anxious/depressive behaviour, both in the gymnast and in the control group. CONCLUSION: Competitive, club-level rhythmic gymnasts show a reduced prevalence of low back-pain. Being younger in age, having greater leanness, not smoking, displaying less anxious/depressive behaviour, and developing increased muscle strength and flexibility, all can represent preventive factors for low back pain. This study suggests that rhythmic gymnastics is not a discipline at increased risk of low back pain.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15181390 0022-4707 Journal Article15181390[Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. acupisti@int.med.unipi.itP~? .Potter, B. K. Lehman, R. A., Jr. Doukas, W. C.2004LSimultaneous bilateral rupture of the pectoralis major tendon. A case report1519-21J Bone Joint Surg Am86-A7`Adult Arm Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Male Rupture Tendon Injuries/*etiology Thorax Time FactorsJulfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15252102 &0021-9355 Case Reports Journal Article15252102Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 6900 Georgia Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20307-5001, USA.~? Lohrer, H. Arentz, S.2004YCalcaneocuboid joint instability: a novel operative technique for anatomic reconstruction349-56Foot Ankle Int255Adolescent Female Foot Injuries/complications Gymnastics Humans Joint Instability/diagnosis/rehabilitation/*surgery Postoperative Care Reconstructive Surgical Procedures/*methods Recurrence *Surgical Flaps Tarsal Joints/physiopathology/*surgeryMayaA case history of a 13-year-old female national top-level gymnast, suffering from calcaneocuboid joint instability, is presented. The procedure was done as an anatomic repair by capsular reefing, which was augmented using a local periosteal flap. Initially, the athlete twisted her ankle. Clinical investigation revealed no sign of a lateral ankle ligament injury, but following this initial examination, recurrent giving-way of the foot occurred. She additionally felt significant but diffuse pain on the lateral side of the foot during loading in training and competition. For 2 months she was unable to run and conservative treatment failed. Diagnosis of a calcaneocuboid instability was established 4 months after the initial lesion by clinical and x-ray stress examination of the calcaneocuboid joint. Open surgery was successfully performed. Early functional posttreatment was done and the patient returned to full high-level gymnastics ability 16 weeks after surgery. Two years later, a similar injury occurred to the opposite calcaneocuboid joint and the same operative procedure again led to full sports ability.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15134618 &1071-1007 Case Reports Journal Article15134618TInstitute of Sports Medicine, Frankfurt/Main, Germany. lohrer@sport.uni-frankfurt.de ~?3Arampatzis, A. Morey-Klapsing, G. Bruggemann, G. P.2003OThe effect of falling height on muscle activity and foot motion during landings533-44J Electromyogr Kinesiol136Biomechanics Electromyography Female Foot/*physiopathology *Gymnastics Humans Leg/*physiology Muscle, Skeletal/physiology/*physiopathology Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sensitivity and SpecificityDecoThe aims of this study were: (a) to examine the effect of falling height on the kinematics of the tibiotalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints and (b) to study the influence of falling height on the muscle activity of the leg during landings. Six female gymnasts (height: 1.63 +/- 0.04 m, weight: 58.21 +/- 3.46 kg) participated in this study. All six gymnasts carried out barefoot landings, falling from 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m height onto a mat. Three genlocked digital high speed video cameras (250 Hz) captured the motion of the left shank and foot. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure muscle activity (1000 Hz) from five muscles (gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, vastus lateralis and hamstrings) of the left leg. The kinematics of the tibiotalar, talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joints were studied. The lower-leg and the foot were modelled by means of a multi-body system, comprising seven rigid bodies. The falling height does not show any influence on the kinematics neither of the tibiotalar nor of the talonavicular joints during landing. The eversion at the calcaneocuboid joint increases with increasing falling height. When augmenting falling height, the myoelectric activity of the muscles of the lower limb increases as well during the pre-activation phase as during the landing itself. The muscles of the lower extremities are capable of stabilizing the tibiotalar and the talonavicular joints actively, restricting their maximal motion by means of a higher activation before and after touchdown. Maximal eversion at the calcaneocuboid joint increases about 52% when landing from 2.0 m.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14573368 1050-6411 Journal Article14573368Institute for Biomechanics, German Sport University of Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. arampatzis@dshs-koeln.de~?King, M. A. Yeadon, M. R.2004*Maximising somersault rotation in tumbling471-7 J Biomech374*Computer Simulation *Gymnastics Humans Joints/physiology *Models, Biological Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Rotation Time Factors TorqueAprPerforming complex somersaulting skills during the flight phase of tumbling requires the generation of linear and angular momenta during the approach and takeoff phases. This paper investigates how approach characteristics and takeoff technique affect performance with a view to maximising somersault rotation in tumbling. A five-segment planar simulation model, customised to an elite gymnast, was used to produce a simulation which closely matched a recorded performance of a double layout somersault by the elite gymnast. Three optimisations were carried out to maximise somersault rotation with different sets of initial conditions. Using the same initial linear and angular momentum as the double layout somersault and varying the joint torque activation timings allowed a double straight somersault to be performed with 19% more rotation potential than the actual performance. Increasing the approach velocity to a realistic maximum of 7 ms(-1) resulted in a 42% reduction in rotation potential when the activation timings were unchanged but allowed a triple layout somersault to be performed with an increase of 31% in rotation potential when activation timings were re-optimised. Increasing also the initial angular momentum to a realistic maximum resulted in a 4% reduction in rotation potential when the activation timings were unchanged but allowed a triple straight somersault to be performed with a further increase of 9% in rotation potential when activation timings were re-optimised. It is concluded that the limiting factor to maximising somersault rotation is the ability to generate high linear and angular velocities during the approach phase coupled with the ability to adopt consonant activation timings during the takeoff phase.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14996558 0021-9290 Journal Article14996558fSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.~? Stokstad, E.2004!Graceful, beautiful, and perilous641-2Science3055684Adolescent Athletic Injuries/epidemiology/prevention & control Biomechanics Child Female Growth Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Male Physical Fitness Puberty Safety Sports EquipmentJul 30fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15286363 1095-9203 News152863636~?'Harringe, M. L. Lindblad, S. Werner, S.2004=Do team gymnasts compete in spite of symptoms from an injury?398-401Br J Sports Med384Adolescent Adult Attitude to Health Competitive Behavior *Cooperative Behavior Female Gymnastics/injuries/*psychology Humans Injury Severity Score Male Physical Education and Training/methods Recurrence Risk Factors SwedenAugwBACKGROUND: Gymnasts practise many hours a week, and symptoms from injuries do not seem to stop them from continuing with practice. They may even compete with symptoms from injuries, which could increase the risk of reinjury, or of the occurrence of a more severe injury. OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether team gymnasts compete at high level in spite of symptoms from an injury. METHODS: 188 male and female competitors participating in the Swedish Cup for juniors and seniors answered a questionnaire about symptoms from injuries on the day of the competition. RESULTS: More than half the gymnasts (58%) competed despite having symptoms from an injury on the day of the competition. More seniors than juniors competed in spite of symptoms from an injury (p = 0.006). Two of three team gymnasts (65%) reported symptoms from the lower extremities and around one in five (22%) reported back symptoms. Fifty five per cent of the gymnasts reported recurrence of an injury at the same site (reinjury). CONCLUSIONS: There was a high prevalence of symptoms from injuries on the day of competition. This did not stop the team gymnasts from competing.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15273170 1473-0480 Journal Article15273170Department of Surgical Sciences, Sports Medicine Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. marita.harringe@kirurgi.ki.se  }~?LScerpella, T. A. Davenport, M. Morganti, C. M. Kanaley, J. A. Johnson, L. M.2003ZDose related association of impact activity and bone mineral density in pre-pubertal girls24-31Calcif Tissue Int721*Bone Density Bone and Bones/metabolism/physiology/radiography Child Cross-Sectional Studies Exercise/*physiology Female *Gymnastics Humans Puberty Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Stress, Mechanical Weight-Bearing/physiologyJansImpact activity is an important contributor to bone accrual. Children engaging in such activity have been shown to have greater bone mineral density (BMD) than their peers. This cross-sectional study was designed to quantify the association between BMD and impact activity in pre-pubescent girls, specifically examining for a dose-dependent relationship. Fifty 7-11-year-old Caucasian female gymnasts were grouped by hours of gymnastics participation during a 6-month period: LOW, 1-8 hours/week (hrs/wk); HIGH, >8 hrs/wk. They were compared with 20 controls, with height, weight, age, and Tanner stage averages matched to the gymnasts. Total body, forearm, hip, lumbar spine BMD, and body composition were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Strength was measured by one repetition maximum testing, calcium intake was quantified by questionnaire, and physical activity was measured by questionnaire and activity monitors. Total and regional BMD were greater in the HIGH group than the controls (P<0.05). Furthermore, both total and forearm BMD were greater in the HIGH group than in the LOW group, and greater in the LOW group than in the controls (P<0.05). Simple regression analysis between hrs/wk of gymnastics activity versus total and regional BMD (using maturation-adjusted Z scores) yielded a positive slope for each site. R2 was greatest for hip BMD (R2 = 0.25), and least for lumbar spine (R2 = 0.10) (P<0.0001). In conclusion, in this group of pre-pubescent girls, we observed a dose-dependent relationship between BMD and hrs/wk of impact activity; even moderate doses of impact activity were associated with increased BMD.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12384810 0171-967x Journal Article12384810Department of Orthopedic Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, 550 Harrison, Suite 100, Syracuse, New York 13202, USA. scerpelt@upstate.edu[~? Whyte, J. T.2004fA 17-year-old girl with severe groin pain and an inability to ambulate during a gymnastics competition504-6 J Emerg Nurs305Adolescent Diagnosis, Differential Female Fractures, Stress/*radiography/therapy Gymnastics/*injuries Hip Fractures/*radiography/therapy HumansOctfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15452540 &0099-1767 Case Reports Journal Article15452540ySchool of Nursing, Florida State University, Vivian Duxbury Hall, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4310, USA. jwhyte@nursing.fsu.edu~?$Ackland, T. Elliott, B. Richards, J.2003HGrowth in body size affects rotational performance in women's gymnastics163-76Sports Biomech22Analysis of Variance Body Constitution/*physiology Child Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Longitudinal Studies Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *RotationJulxNational and state representative female gymnasts (n = 37), aged initially between 10 and 12 years, completed a mixed longitudinal study over 3.3 years, to investigate the effect of body size on gymnastic performance. Subjects were tested at four-monthly intervals on a battery of measures including structural growth, strength and gymnastic performance. The group were divided into 'high growers' and 'low growers' based on height (> 18 cm or < 14 cm/37 months, respectively) and body mass (> 15 kg or < 12 kg/37 months, respectively) for comparative purposes. Development of gymnastic performance was assessed through generic skills (front and back rotations, a twisting jump and a V-sit action) and a vertical jump for maximum height. The results show that the smaller gymnast, with a high strength to mass ratio, has greater potential for performing skills involving whole-body rotations. Larger gymnasts, while able to produce more power and greater angular momentum, could not match the performance of the smaller ones. The magnitude of growth experienced by the gymnast over this period has a varying effect on performance. While some activities were greatly influenced by rapid increases in whole-body moment of inertia (e.g. back rotation), performance on others like the front rotation and vertical jump, appeared partly immune to the physical and mechanical changes associated with growth.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14737925 1476-3141 Journal Article14737925cSchool of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.}~?BArampatzis, A. Stafilidis, S. Morey-Klapsing, G. Bruggemann, G. P.2004SInteraction of the human body and surfaces of different stiffness during drop jumps451-9Med Sci Sports Exerc363tAlgorithms Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Joints/*physiology Muscles/*physiology Task Performance and AnalysisMarPURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine two hypotheses: (a) the stiffness of the surface influences the leg stiffness of the subjects during drop jumps, and (b) drop jumping performance (jumping height and energy rates of the subject's center of mass during the contact phase) increases when decreasing surface stiffness due to a greater energy storage capacity of the surface for a given acting force. METHODS: Ten female subjects performed a series of drop jumps from 40-cm height onto two sprung surfaces with different stiffness. Those trials of each subject displaying the maximal mechanical power during the upward phase were analyzed. The ground reaction forces were measured using a force plate. Sagittal kinematics of the subject's body positions and the deformation of the surface were recorded using two high-speed video cameras. RESULTS: On the soft surface, the jumping height and the energy rates of the subjects during the contact phase were greater than on the hard one. The energy delivered by the subjects during the upward phase, the leg and joint stiffness, as well as the range of motion of the subjects remained unchanged for both surfaces. CONCLUSIONS: The absolute energy loss is lower for the hard surface, but the jumping performance is greater for the soft one. The reason is a higher ratio of positive to negative mechanical work done by the subjects during the contact phase. The adjustment of the subjects to different surfaces is not only dependent on the stiffness of the surface but also on the intensity of the movement.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15076787 (0195-9131 Clinical Trial Journal Article15076787jGerman Sport University of Cologne, Institute for Biomechanics, Cologne, Germany. Arampatzis@dshs-koeln.de _~?:Bemben, D. A. Buchanan, T. D. Bemben, M. G. Knehans, A. W.2004vInfluence of type of mechanical loading, menstrual status, and training season on bone density in young women athletes220-6J Strength Cond Res182(Adolescent Adult Bone Density/*physiology Comparative Study Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Menstruation/*physiology Menstruation Disturbances/epidemiology Oklahoma/epidemiology Osteoporosis/prevention & control Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Running/*physiology Weight-Bearing/*physiologyMay=Bone mineral density (BMD) variables were compared in 2 groups of women Division I collegiate athletes-gymnasts (GYM) and cross-country runners (CC)-during the preseason and during the competitive season. An osteogenic advantage may exist in women athletes involved in impact loading (gymnastics) over those women in active loading sports like long-distance running. The effects of menstrual status and the time of the training season on BMD also were examined. Dietary intake, menstrual status, BMD, and serum estradiol levels were measured during the preseason and during the competitive season in 26 women athletes (18-22 years of age). GYM had significantly higher BMD (p < 0.05) at all sites for both the pre- and posttests compared to CC. Neither group experienced a significant change (p > 0.05) in BMD between trials for any site; however, CC showed slight decreases at all BMD sites from baseline to the posttest. GYM had a higher prevalence of self-reported menstrual cycle disturbances than CC. No significant difference (p > 0.05) in BMD was found between the eumenorrheic and menstrual dysfunction groups (oligo/amenorrheic). In conclusion, the gymnasts had significantly higher (p < 0.05) BMD than the runners, suggesting BMD is influenced by the type of mechanical loading. Menstrual status did not significantly affect BMD in these women athletes. Cross-country runners were determined to be at greater risk than the gymnasts for low bone mass; thus, it is recommended that these athletes include more high-impact activities in their training regimen to optimize their bone health.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15142012 1064-8011 Journal Article15142012lDepartment of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, USA. dbemben@ou.edu]~?Whan, A. Breidahl, W. Janes, G.2003TMRI of trapped periosteum in a proximal tibial physeal injury of a pediatric patient1397-9AJR Am J Roentgenol1815Adolescent Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Knee Injuries/*diagnosis/surgery *Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male *Periosteum Tibia/*injuriesNovfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14573444 &0361-803x Case Reports Journal Article14573444|Perth Radiological Clinic, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Centre, 127 Hamersley Rd., Subiaco, Western Australia, 6008 Australia.~?Rossi, F. Dragoni, S.2005RTalar body fatigue stress fractures: three cases observed in elite female gymnasts389-394Skeletal Radiol347Jul(OBJECTIVE: To introduce and emphasize the clinical and radiological findings of three talar body fatigue stress fractures in competitive athletes.DESIGN AND PATIENTS: Clinical and radiographic skeletal records of 24,562 athletes taken between 1962 and 2002 were retrospectively reviewed. Among these, 6851 files related to acute foot and ankle injuries or chronic post-traumatic sequelae were found.RESULTS: There were 925 (3.76%) stress fatigue fractures selected from the whole collection. Among these there were three cases (0.32%) of talar body stress fractures diagnosed in elite female gymnasts 15-17 years old. The negative first radiograph become positive 4-6 weeks later. Scintigraphy was positive at an early stage and consistent for the diagnosis. CT and MRI gave positive results 1-2 weeks after the beginning of symptoms which were always greatly diagnostic.CONCLUSIONS: The sports medicine literature lacks reports of talar body fatigue stress fractures. The poor initial sensitivity of radiography makes it problematic to establish an early diagnosis. A wise combination of scintigraphy, CT and MRI has therefore to be relied upon. Familiarity with this rare location for a stress fracture may prevent delayed diagnosis and long-lasting damage, both of which are important factors in competitive athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15889248 0364-2348 Journal article15889248TNational Institute of Sports Medicine of the Italian Olympic Committee, Rome, Italy. ~?/3Arampatzis, A. Morey-Klapsing, G. Bruggemann, G. P.2005jOrthotic effect of a stabilising mechanism in the surface of gymnastic mats on foot motion during landings507-15J Electromyogr Kinesiol155Adult Ankle Joint/*physiology Computer Simulation Equipment Failure Analysis Female Foot/*physiology Gymnastics/*physiology Humans *Models, Biological Movement/*physiology *Orthotic Devices Range of Motion, Articular/physiology *Sports Equipment Surface PropertiesOctsThe purpose of this study was to examine two hypotheses: (a) mat hardness affects foot motion during landing; (b) the influence of a surface stabilising interface integrated in a mat on foot motion is detectable. Two studies were carried out: In the first one, six female gymnasts performed barefoot landings from different falling heights onto three mats having different hardness. In the second study, a stabilising mechanism was integrated in the surface of three new mats with different hardness. Three high speed video cameras (250Hz) captured the motion of the left leg and foot. These were modelled by means of a four rigid body system. The maximal eversion at the ankle joint was not influenced by the different mats (hard: 4.6 degrees +/-1.9 to 9.3 degrees +/-3.4, medium: 3.1 degrees +/-2.7 to 7.4 degrees +/-3.5, soft: 4.8 degrees +/-2.1 to 8.4 degrees +/-3.5). The soft mat without the stabilised surface showed higher eversion values (p<0.05) between forefoot and rearfoot (medial joint: hard: 5.1 degrees +/-3.2 to 7.3 degrees +/-3.3, medium: 6.9 degrees +/-3.1 to 7.5 degrees +/-2.9, soft: 12.7 degrees +/-4.1 to 13.4 degrees +/-3.3; lateral joint: hard: 8.5 degrees +/-3.1 to 9.7 degrees +/-1.1, medium: 9.5 degrees +/-2.6 to 11.2 degrees +/-3.3, soft: 12.1 degrees +/-2.3 to 15.7 degrees +/-3.3). For the mats with the surface stabilising interface, the different hardness did not cause any significant differences in maximal eversion values at the medial (hard: 1.5 degrees +/-3.3 to 5.5 degrees +/-4.5, medium: 1.3 degrees +/-3.5 to 5.1 degrees +/-3.6, soft: 0.7 degrees +/-4.9 to 5.4 degrees +/-4.2) nor at the lateral (hard: 11.3 degrees +/-4.2 to 17.3 degrees +/-4.2, medium: 12.3 degrees +/-4.8 to 17.1 degrees +/-3.7, soft: 11.5 degrees +/-4.6 to 17.1 degrees +/-4.3) forefoot joints. The structure of the mat and the consequent deformation hollow did not influence the kinematics of the ankle joint during landings, but it influenced the motion at the medial and the lateral forefoot joints. By means of a stabilised surface, it is possible to reduce the influence of mat deformation on the maximal eversion between forefoot and rearfoot.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15935962 ;1050-6411 (Print) Controlled Clinical Trial Journal Article15935962Institute for Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Carl-Diem-Weg 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany. arampatzis@hrz.dshs-koeln.de?~?KAydog, S. T. Ozcakar, L. Tetik, O. Demirel, H. A. Hascelik, Z. Doral, M. N.2005ZRelation between foot arch index and ankle strength in elite gymnasts: a preliminary studye13Br J Sports Med393Adaptation, Physiological Adolescent Adult Ankle Joint/*physiology Biomechanics Body Weights and Measures Foot/*anatomy & histology Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Isometric Contraction/physiology Male Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Range of Motion, Articular/physiology Regression AnalysisMar4BACKGROUND: Gymnasts usually start intensive training from early childhood. The impact of such strenuous training on the musculoskeletal system is not clear. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relation between muscle strength of the ankle joint and foot structure in gymnasts. METHODS: The study population comprised 20 high level male gymnasts and 17 non-athletic healthy male controls. Arch indices were measured using a podoscope. Ankle plantar/dorsiflexion and eversion/inversion strengths were measured using a Biodex 3 dynamometer within the protocol of concentric/concentric five repetitions at 30 degrees /s velocity. RESULTS: The mean arch index of the right and left foot of the gymnasts and the controls were respectively: 31.4 (29.1), 34.01 (34.65); 60.01 (30.3), 63.75 (32.27). Both the arch indices and the ankle dorsiflexion strengths were lower in the gymnasts. Although no correlation was found between strength and arch index in the control group, a significant correlation was observed between eversion strengths and arch indices of the gymnasts (r = 0.41, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Whether or not the findings indicate sport specific adaptation or less training of the ankle dorsiflexors, prospective data are required to elucidate the tendency for pes cavus in gymnasts, for whom stabilisation of the foot is a priority.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15728681 1473-0480 Journal Article15728681qDepartment of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara 06100, Turkey. taydog@hacettepe.edu.tr~?8Boisseau, N. Persaud, C. Jackson, A. A. Poortmans, J. R.2005TTraining does not affect protein turnover in pre- and early pubertal female gymnasts262-7Eur J Appl Physiol943JunThis study compared protein turnover in ten young female gymnasts [10.3 (0.5) years] engaged in regular intense physical training with ten age-matched controls [9.4 (0.6) years)]. Nitrogen flux ( Q), protein synthesis (PS), protein degradation (PD) and net protein turnover (NPB = PS-PD) were measured following a single oral dose of [(15)N]-glycine. The habitual dietary intake of each subject was assessed using a 7-day food record, with food portions being weighed before ingestion. The gymnasts had a low total energy intake which was unbalanced in the proportions of lipid, carbohydrate and protein. Protein flux was 7.19 (0.35) g.kg(-1).day(-1) in the gymnasts and 7.53 (0.81) g.kg(-1).day(-1) in the controls; protein synthesis was 6.06 (0.27) g.kg(-1).day(-1 )in the gymnasts and 6.53 (0.74) g.kg(-1).day(-1) in the controls; protein degradation was 5.45 (0.38) g.kg(-1).day(-1) in the gymnasts and 5.27 (0.74) g.kg(-1).day(-1) in the controls. All data are presented as means and standard errors of the mean (SEM). There were no statistical differences for protein flux, protein synthesis or protein degradation between the two groups. However, NPB was lower (-14%) in the trained gymnasts than in the control group ( P <0.05), which might be explained by a greater protein ingestion in the control group on the day of the protocol ( P <0.05). These results show that in pre- and early pubertal female gymnasts intense training does not exert a demonstrable effect on protein turnover.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15765242 1439-6319 Journal Article15765242Laboratoire des Adaptations Physiologiques aux Activites Physiques (LAPHAP), EA: 3813, Faculte des Sciences du Sport de Poitiers, 4 Allee Jean Monnet, 86000 , Poitiers, France, nathalie.boisseau@univ-poitiers.fr. ~?nMarkou, K. B. Mylonas, P. Theodoropoulou, A. Kontogiannis, A. Leglise, M. Vagenakis, A. G. Georgopoulos, N. A.2004vThe influence of intensive physical exercise on bone acquisition in adolescent elite female and male artistic gymnasts4383-7J Clin Endocrinol Metab899Adolescent Adult Body Height Body Weight Bone Density *Bone Development *Exercise Female *Gymnastics Humans Male Puberty Regression Analysis Sex FactorsSepYPhysical exercise enhances bone acquisition during adolescence. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of intensive physical exercise on bone acquisition in adolescent elite artistic gymnasts. The study included 262 athletes (93 males and 169 females, aged 13-23 yr) participating in the 24th European Championship held in Greece. Bone age compared with chronological age was delayed by 2 yr for females (n = 120) and 1 yr for males (n = 68). For both sexes, the growth chart of bone mineral density (BMD) followed a normal pattern when estimated according to bone age rather than chronological age. For females, BMD was positively correlated with bone age, chronological age, height, body weight, body mass index, body fat, lean body mass, and with age of onset of training, and negatively with duration of exercise and intensity of training (P values range from <0.05 to <0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that age of onset of training was the major parameter attenuating the effect of exercise on BMD (P < 0.001). The latter was related to the stage of puberty (P < 0.05). For males, BMD was correlated positively with bone age, height, body weight, and lean body mass (P values range from <0.01 to 0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the more powerful factor influencing BMD was weight (P < 0.01). In conclusion, bone acquisition in adolescents under intensive physical training follows the normal pattern only when estimated according to bone age. The age of onset, the duration, and the intensity of exercise attenuate the bone acquisition, at least in female artistic gymnasts.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15328065 0021-972x Journal Article15328065UDivision of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, Greece. ~?Biedert, R. Hintermann, B.2003>Stress fractures of the medial great toe sesamoids in athletes137-41Foot Ankle Int242Adolescent Adult Female *Fractures, Stress/diagnosis/surgery Gymnastics/*injuries Hallux Humans Sesamoid Bones/*injuries/surgery Track and Field/injuriesFeb=The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific symptoms and findings are present in patients with symptomatic stress fractures of the sesamoids of the great toe and, if so, whether partial sesamoidectomy is sufficient for successful treatment. Five consecutive athletes (five females; mean age 16.8 years [range, 13 to 22 years]) with six feet that were treated for symptomatic stress fractures of the sesamoids of the great toe were included in this study. Four athletes (five feet) performed rhythmic sports gymnastics; the fifth athlete was a long jumper. Some swelling to the forefoot and activity-related pain that increased in forced dorsiflexion, but disappeared at rest was found in all patients. While plain X-rays evidenced fragmentation of the medial sesamoid, MRI (n=2) and frontal plane CT scan (n=3) did not always confirm the diagnosis, but bone scan (n=3) and axial as well as sagittal CT scan were useful to detect the pathology. After failure of conservative treatment measures, surgical excision of the proximal fragment was successful in all patients, and there were no complications. All patients were pain free and regained full sports activity within six months (range, 2.5 to six months). At final follow-up which averaged 50.6 months (range, 20 to 110 months), the overall clinical results were graded as good/excellent in all patients, and there was only one patient with of restriction sports activities. The obtained AOFAS-Hallux-Score was 95.3 (75 to 100) points. Apparently, stress fractures occur more often at the medial sesamoid, and females are mainly involved. When a stress fracture is suspected, bone scan and CT scan are suggested as more reliable in confirming the diagnosis than other imaging methods. When conservative treatment has failed, surgical excision of the proximal fragment is recommended.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12627621 1071-1007 Journal Article12627621University of Basle, Orthopaedics and Sports Traumatology, Institute of Sport Sciences, CH-2532 Magglingen, Switzerland. roland.biedert@baspo.admin.ch<~?Katz, D. A. Scerpella, T. A.2003Anterior and middle column thoracolumbar spine injuries in young female gymnasts. Report of seven cases and review of the literature611-6Am J Sports Med314!Adolescent Athletic Injuries/complications/*diagnosis/therapy Back Pain/etiology Child Female Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Lumbar Vertebrae/*injuries/radiography Physical Examination Spinal Injuries/complications/*diagnosis/therapy Thoracic Vertebrae/*injuries/radiography Treatment OutcomeJul-Augfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12860554 F0363-5465 Case Reports Journal Article Review Review of Reported Cases12860554sDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.~?Esposito, P. W.2003Trampoline injuries43-52Clin Orthop Relat Res409Adolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/*epidemiology/*etiology Child Child, Preschool Female Gymnastics/*injuries/*statistics & numerical data Humans Male Sports Equipment/*adverse effects Trauma Severity Indices United StatesAprAs the popularity of trampolines has increased during the past 10 years, so has the number of injuries sustained using them. Whether there is an actual increase in the risk associated with the use of a trampoline for the same number of exposure hours is not known. The marked increase in emergency room visits related to trampoline injuries might reflect only the increased number of trampolines now available for recreational use or the creative manner in which they are being used. The complex factors related to trampolines, their use, and the possible injuries will be discussed. A liberal use of Internet references will be used because this is where much of the advertising and information available to the public regarding trampolines currently is disseminated.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12671484 10009-921x Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial12671484Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981080 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68114, USA. Pesposito@chsomaha.org!~? 6Balter, S. G. Stokroos, R. J. Akkermans, E. Kingma, H.2004eHabituation to galvanic vestibular stimulation for analysis of postural control abilities in gymnasts71-5 Neurosci Lett3661Adult Child Electric Stimulation Female Gymnastics/*physiology *Habituation (Psychophysiology) Humans Middle Aged Musculoskeletal Equilibrium *Posture Vestibule/*physiologyAug 5cThe possible correlation between postural control abilities in gymnasts and the sensitivity for and the degree of short-term habituation to galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) was studied. Seven balance trained young girls (Dutch National Junior Gymnasts Championship) versus seven non-trained girls and twenty-five women underwent computer-controlled GVS using a monaural continuous 1-cosinusoidal stimulus of 0.5 Hz and 2 mA, repeated three times on each side [Balter, Stokroos, Boumans, Kingma, Acta Otolaryngol. (in press); Balter, Stokroos, Eterman, Paredis, Orbons, Kingma, Acta Otolaryngol. (in press)]. Results showed that mean total galvanic-induced body sway (GBS) gain was significantly lower in the trained and untrained girls compared to the adult women (P < 0.05). Mean habituation to GVS (learning abilities), however, showed no significant differences between the three groups. We suggest that the superior balance control in professional gymnasts is primarily achieved through motor training and not by learning abilities or a higher sensitivity of the vestibular system [Neurosci. Lett. 225 (1998) 155].fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15265593 0304-3940 Journal Article15265593Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Maastricht, P. Debeyelaan 25, Maastricht 6229, The Netherlands. sbal@skno.azm.nlj~?!ABernasconi, S. Tordi, N. Parratte, B. Rouillon, J. D. Monnier, G.2004\Surface electromyography of nine shoulder muscles in two iron cross conditions in gymnastics240-5J Sports Med Phys Fitness443kAdult Electromyography Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Shoulder/*physiologySep,AIM: The rules of gymnastics impose an element of static strength such as an iron cross (IC) on the rings. For IC training, coaches use a custom made device -- the herdos -- to simulate the conditions of competition. The purpose was to compare muscle activity and coordination during IC performed both on the rings and using herdos. Secondly, we tried to determine whether herdos usage induced functional adaptations of the shoulder muscles. METHODS: Six male gymnasts performed 10 IC in each condition. Surface electromyogram of muscles pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, rhomboideus, trapezius, serratus anterior, biceps brachii, and triceps brachii in the right shoulder were analysed using root-mean-square (RMS), and muscle part's in each condition. Muscle part represents the contribution of each of the 9 shoulder muscles studied in each condition. Total muscle activity (SUM) was also used to compare the 2 conditions. RESULTS: Except for the muscle teres major, the RMS decreases (p<0.05) when using the herdos. The SUM also decreases (p<0.05) when using this device. The muscle parts indicate that the contribution of the muscle latissimus dorsi decreases (p<0.05) when using the herdos. These results suggest that the herdos modified shoulder coordination. But their usage does not seem to induce any functional adaptations of these muscles. CONCLUSIONS: The herdos do not seem to provide a valid method to reproduce the same shoulder coordination as on the rings. Therefore IC training with this special device could be called in question.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15756161 0022-4707 Journal Article15756161RLaboratory of Sports Sciences, Besancon, France. bernasconi.sylvain@worldonline.frg~?"&Pain, M. T. Mills, C. L. Yeadon, M. R.2005OVideo analysis of the deformation and effective mass of gymnastics landing mats1754-60Med Sci Sports Exerc3710OctINTRODUCTION: Landing mats that undergo large area deformation are now essential for the safe completion of landings in gymnastics. The aim of this study was to determine the effective mass, shock transmission time, and deformation characteristics of a mat during impacts using high-speed video and to improve the accuracy of measuring foot-mat contact forces during landing. For validation, the same variables need to be accurately assessed using accelerometer and force plate data. METHODS: A 24-kg impactor with an attached accelerometer was dropped onto the sample mat from various heights. The surface deformation of the mat was recorded using high-speed video, and force data were obtained from a force plate beneath the mat. RESULTS: The maximum vertical deformations were between 0.088 and 0.118 m, with corresponding volume deformation estimates ranging from 0.030 to 0.044 m3. The delay between accelerometer and force plate readings at initial contact was approximately 7 ms. The delay between peak acceleration and peak force was 3 ms. The peak acceleration calculated from the video data was within 2.5% of that recorded via the accelerometer. The effective mass of the mat being accelerated corresponded to forces that ranged from 481 to 930 N, up to 12% of the peak force. CONCLUSIONS: The acceleration estimates obtained from high-speed video were combined with the effective mass estimates from the volume calculation to give peak calculated forces at the bottom of the mat to within -1.1 to +3.7% of the force recorded via the force plate. The use of high-speed video can be used to give data of sufficient accuracy for measuring foot/mat contact forces in gymnastics landings.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16260977 0195-9131 Journal Article16260977tSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom. m.t.g.pain@lboro.ac.uk W~?#Taaffe, D. R. Marcus, R.2004_The muscle strength and bone density relationship in young women: dependence on exercise status98-103J Sports Med Phys Fitness4416Adult Biomechanics Bone Density/*physiology Comparative Study Cross-Sectional Studies Densitometry, X-Ray Ergometry/methods Exercise/*physiology Female Gymnastics/physiology Hand Strength/physiology Humans Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Recreation/physiology Tensile Strength/physiology Weight Lifting/physiologyMarSAIM: Numerous studies report an association between muscle strength and bone mineral density (BMD) in young and older women. However, the participants are generally non-athletes, thus it is unclear if the relationship varies by exercise status. Therefore, the purpose was to examine the relationships between BMD and muscle strength in young women with markedly different exercise levels. METHODS: Experimental design: cross-sectional. Setting: a University research laboratory. Participants: 18 collegiate gymnasts and 22 age- and weight-matched recreationally active control women. Measures: lumbar spine, femoral neck, arm, leg and whole body BMD (g/cm(2)) were assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral apparent density (BMAD, g/cm(3)) was calculated. Handgrip strength and knee extensor and flexor torque (60 degrees /s) were determined by dynamometry, and bench press and leg press strength (1-RM) using isotonic equipment. RESULTS: BMD at all sites and bench press, leg press and knee flexor strength were greater in gymnasts than controls (p<0.001). In controls, knee extensor torque was significantly correlated to femoral neck, limb and whole body BMD (r=0.47-0.55, p<0.05), leg press strength was associated with limb and whole body BMD (r=0.52-0.74, p<0.05), and bench press strength with arm BMD (r=0.50, p=0.019). In partial correlations controlling for weight, leg press strength was related to leg and whole body BMD (r=0.46-0.63, p<0.05). There was no association between muscle strength and BMD in gymnasts. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the association between muscle strength and BMD in young women is dependent on exercise status. The osteogenic effect of increased mechanical loading associated with gymnastics training likely contributes to the dissociation of the relationship in gymnasts.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15181397 0022-4707 Journal Article15181397rSchool of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. dtaaffe@hms.uq.edu.au3~?$Filaire, E. Bonis, J. Lac, G.2004vRelationships between physiological and psychological stress and salivary immunoglobulin A among young female gymnasts605-17Percept Mot Skills992Body Mass Index Child Female *Gymnastics Humans Hydrocortisone/analysis Immunoglobulin A/*immunology Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology/immunology Saliva/chemistry/*immunology *Stress/immunology/physiopathology/psychologyOctsWe investigated whether psychological and physical stress induced by training or competition influence the secretory immune system among 12 highly trained young female gymnasts. Salivary levels of secretory IgA and cortisol responses to gymnastic training session or competition were assessed a total of 10 times, immediately before and after two training sessions which had different intensities and just before and after a major competition. These parameters were also measured on two non-training days. The Brunel Mood Scale was also used to assess the gymnasts's overall mood on each test day. IgA:Protein ratio was calculated. Significant decreases in this ratio were found after each exercise session, related to the physiological and psychological stress induced by exercise. Over the 5-mo. training period the presession IgA:Protein ratios were unchanged. Gymnasts registered any episodes of upper respiratory tract infection. Bouts of exercise induce transitory effects on the immune system in relation to the workload and the stress induced by the exercise without any relation to increased susceptibility to illness in children.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15560351 0031-5125 Journal Article15560351kLaboratoire de la Performance Motrice, Batiment Biologie, Universite Blaise Pascal, France. efilaire@nat.fr=~?8!Bojanic, I. Ivkovic, A. Boric, I.2006Arthroscopy and microfracture technique in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum: report of three adolescent gymnasts491-6#Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc145MayThe aim of this paper is to report on three cases of symptomatic osteochondritis dissecans of the humeral capitellum in adolescent gymnasts, two females and one male. In all the cases arthroscopic surgery was performed. During arthroscopy, loose osteochondral fragments were removed, the defect was debrided and microfractures were performed. All the three patients regained the full range of motion of the affected elbow, and returned to the high-level gymnastics within a period of 5 months. At 12 months follow-up, all the three patients remained symptomless and were participating in high-level gymnastics. A combination of arthroscopy and the microfracture technique is a reliable method with excellent short-term results in the treatment of the osteochondritis dissecans of the elbow.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16217674 !0942-2056 (Print) Journal Article16217674Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Salata 7, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia, aivkovic@inet.hr.~?&Oakes, D. A. McAllister, D. R.2003MFailure of heat shrinkage for treatment of a posterior cruciate ligament tearE1-4 Arthroscopy196Adult Anterior Cruciate Ligament/injuries/surgery Arthroscopy Athletic Injuries/surgery/*therapy Bone Transplantation Braces Collagen/radiation effects Combined Modality Therapy Debridement Female Gymnastics Heat/*therapeutic use Humans Knee Dislocation/surgery/*therapy Menisci, Tibial/injuries/surgery Patellar Ligament/transplantation Physical Therapy Techniques Posterior Cruciate Ligament/*injuries Radio Waves/*therapeutic use Reoperation Treatment FailureJul-AugkIncomplete tears or traumatic elongations of either the native cruciate ligaments or cruciate ligament reconstructions represent a therapeutic dilemma for orthopaedic surgeons. We report a case of a partially torn posterior cruciate ligament that was treated unsuccessfully with an electrothermal shrinkage procedure. Although the use of thermal energy to selectively shrink tissues may ultimately prove to be an invaluable tool, the lack of well-designed, randomized controlled studies to firmly establish its efficacy in the treatment of partial cruciate injuries mandates cautious use of this technique at this time.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12861215 &1526-3231 Case Reports Journal Article12861215rUniversity of California, Los Angeles, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Los Angeles, California 90095-6902, USA.^~?'Koh, M. T. Jennings, L. S.2003dDynamic optimization: inverse analysis for the Yurchenko layout vault in women's artistic gymnastics1177-83 J Biomech368OAdolescent Adult *Algorithms Comparative Study Computer Simulation Feasibility Studies Female Gymnastics/*physiology Hip Joint/physiology Humans *Models, Biological Movement/*physiology Muscle Contraction/*physiology Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Quality Control Shoulder Joint/physiology Thorax/physiology Torque Wrist Joint/physiologyAug The use of dynamic optimization to compute the trajectory of joint torques is not popular due to the large amount of computation required, the choice of initial "guesstimates" of torque values and the mathematical sophistication required to understand the technique. Modern optimal control algorithms circumvent most of these objections to the method. It is our aim to demonstrate that the dynamic optimization technique is feasible for complex movements, using the Yurchenko layout vault as an example. A dynamic optimization method to compute joint torques so that the histories of the angular orientations of the model segments closely approximate the corresponding observed angular coordinate histories is demonstrated with the Yurchenko layout vault using an optimal control package. The objective function used is a measure of distance of fitted segment angles to the data, plus the distance of the fitted whole body centre of mass (CM), from the whole body CM computed from the data. Including the CM into the objective function, facilitates the optimization process so as to obtain a set of torques which reproduced the data. The paper shows that the approach works well for the task examined, that is, where the dynamics of the system change during a movement (impact to postflight).fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12831744 ?0021-9290 Evaluation Studies Journal Article Validation Studies12831744Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.~?(fZentgraf, K. Stark, R. Reiser, M. Kunzell, S. Schienle, A. Kirsch, P. Walter, B. Vaitl, D. Munzert, J.2005dDifferential activation of pre-SMA and SMA proper during action observation: effects of instructions662-72 Neuroimage263Adult Cerebrovascular Circulation Female Humans Image Processing, Computer-Assisted Imagination/physiology Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Motion Perception/*physiology Motor Cortex/*physiology Photic Stimulation Set (Psychology) Visual Perception/*physiologyJul 1Many neurophysiological studies give evidence for a matching system between action observation and imitation. We used functional MRI to investigate the effects of different instructions for observing identical stimuli of whole-body gymnastics movements. The imitative-like observation mode asked normal human participants to observe the sequence containing repetitive parts and to subsequently imagine the observed movements in the first-person perspective. The evaluative observation mode asked the participants to carefully observe and judge movement accuracy and consistency in the repetitive sequence. We hypothesized that the supplementary motor area would be specifically involved in performing the observational tasks. Results indicate that the SMA proper is generally activated during observation of whole-body gymnastic movements and shows pronounced activation in imitative-like observation mode. Pre-SMA activity can be differentially modulated by instructions related to the observation task.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15955476 (1053-8119 Clinical Trial Journal Article15955476~University of Giessen, Institute for Sports Science, Kugelberg 62, 35394 Giessen, Germany. karen.zentgraf@sport.uni-giessen.de~?)hAdiyaman, P. Ocal, G. Berberoglu, M. Evliyaoglu, O. Aycan, Z. Cetinkaya, E. Bulca, Y. Ersoz, G. Akar, N.2004Alterations in serum growth hormone (GH)/GH dependent ternary complex components (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio) and the influence of these alterations on growth pattern in female rhythmic gymnasts895-903J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab176KAdolescent Body Height Body Mass Index Bone Development Carrier Proteins/*blood Case-Control Studies Child *Child Development Female Glycoproteins/*blood *Gymnastics Human Growth Hormone/*blood Humans Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/*blood Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*metabolism Periodicity Puberty, Delayed/etiologyJun BACKGROUND AND AIM: Normal growth in children is regulated to a great extent through the actions of the GH/IGF-I axis, a system consisting of GH and its mediators (ternary complex) that modulate growth in many tissues. The ternary complex (IGF-I/IGFBP-3/ALS) provides an acute regulatory mechanism in which IGF-I may be mobilized from the circulating reservoir of 150 kDa complexes to the tissues. Acute exercise is known to be a stimulus for GH secretion. The beneficial effects of scheduled exercise on body composition are also well established. However, the impact of strenuous exercise on the pubertal development of child athletes is still not well understood. The first goal of this study was to assess the acute effects of high intensity exercise training on GH-dependent ternary complex components in female rhythmic gymnasts compared to age-matched healthy female controls with normal physical activity. The second goal was to explore the influence of these exercise-induced changes on skeletal and pubertal growth in the same group prospectively over a period of 4 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventeen female rhythmic gymnasts, aged 11.4 +/- 0.9 years, who had 10 h per week intense exercise for at least 4 months volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurement of height (Height SDS for chronological age [HtSDS(CA)], parentally adjusted height, predicted adult height), bone age and weight (BMI) were made using standard techniques in gymnasts and controls (aged 12.5 +/- 3.0 years, n = 12). Gymnasts were followed up to 4 years to observe growth velocity and pubertal progression. In order to determine the acute impact of exercise on levels of GH and GH-dependent ternary complex component (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio), blood samples were obtained from gymnasts after a routine 2-h high-intensity training program and then after a 2-day rest period. These results were compared with age-matched controls with no scheduled sports activity. RESULTS: Despite the significant increment in serum GH and GH-dependent components immediately following the exercise, serum GH/IGF-I levels showed a significant decrement (p < 0.01) after a 2-day rest in gymnasts, to a nadir as low as those of the control subjects' baseline levels (p < 0.01). There was no difference in anthropometric characteristics of gymnasts and controls except BMI; gymnasts were leaner than controls. During a 4-year follow up, there were no differences between the gymnasts and controls in regard to skeletal growth and reaching their predicted height. However, in gymnasts there was a delay in pubertal tempo but not in growth. CONCLUSION: Intense exercise induces an acute rise in GH levels, but this acute elevation rapidly normalizes after a 2-day rest in female rhythmic gymnasts. These fluctuations in serum GH and GH-dependent ternary complex components had no reflection on the skeletal growth patterns in gymnasts over the 4-year follow up but there was a delay in their pubertal progression.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15270408 0334-018x Journal Article15270408tDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. plnblradymn@yahoo.com /~?*Caine, D. J. Nassar, L.2005Gymnastics injuries18-58 Med Sport Sci48Objective: The purpose of this chapter is to review the distribution and determinants of injury rates as reported in the pediatric gymnastics injury literature, and to suggest measures for the prevention of injury and directions for further research. Data sources: An extensive search of Pubmed was conducted using the Text and MeSH words 'gymnastics' and 'injury' and limited to the pediatric population (0-18 years). The review focused on studies using denominator-based designs and on those published in the English language. Additional references were obtained from hand searches of the reference lists. Unpublished injury data from the USA Gymnastics National Women's Artistic Gymnastics Championships during 2002-04 were also analyzed. Main results: Comparison of study results was compromised due to the diversity of study populations, variability of injury definition across studies, and changes in rules and equipment across years. Notwithstanding, this review of the literature reveals a reasonably consistent picture of pediatric gymnastics injuries. The incidence and severity of injuries is relatively high, particularly among advanced level female gymnasts. Body parts particularly affected by injury vary by gender and include the ankle, knee, wrist, elbow, lower back, and shoulder. Ankle sprains are a particular concern. Overuse and nonspecific pain conditions, particularly the wrist and low back, occur frequently among advanced-level female gymnasts. Factors associated with an increased injury risk among female gymnasts include greater body size and body fat, periods of rapid growth, and increased life stress. Conclusions: Above all, this overview of the gymnastics injury literature underscores the need to establish large-scale injury surveillance systems designed to provide current and reliable data on injury trends in both boys and girls gymnastics, and to be used as a basis for analyzing injury risk factors and identifying dependable injury preventive measures.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16247252 0254-5020 Journal Article16247252oDepartment of Physical Education, Health and Recreation, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Wash., USA.,~?+5Agarwal, V. Wakhlu, A. Aggarwal, A. Pal, L. Misra, R.2004Eosinophilic fasciitis244-5J Assoc Physicians India52Adult Diagnosis, Differential Eosinophilia/complications/*diagnosis/physiopathology Exertion/physiology Fasciitis/*diagnosis/etiology/physiopathology Gymnastics Humans Male Skin Diseases/complications/diagnosis/physiopathologyMarEosinophilic fasciitis presents with skin thickening involving the extremities, and sparing the hands. Raynaud's phenomenon is usually absent. It can be precipitated by undue exertion and is characterized by eosinophilia and infiltration of skin and subcutaneous tissue by mixed inflammatory infiltrate including eosinophils. We present a young man who developed eosinophilic fasciitis following severe gymnastic activity.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15636318 &0004-5772 Case Reports Journal Article15636318mDepartment of Clinical Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014.~?,%Krijnen, M. R. Lim, L. Willems, W. J.2003bArthroscopic treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum: Report of 5 female athletes210-4 Arthroscopy192Adolescent Adult *Arthroscopy Athletic Injuries/complications/diagnosis/*surgery Child Debridement Elbow Joint/*injuries/*surgery Female Follow-Up Studies Gymnastics/injuries Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging Osteochondritis Dissecans/diagnosis/etiology/*surgeryFebThe management of osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum of the adolescent elbow is still controversial. We report on 5 cases of female high-level athletes aged from 10 to 19 years (4 gymnasts, 1 waterpolo player). All these athletes had a symptomatic osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum, which was treated arthroscopically in all cases. Follow-up time averaged 5 months (1 to 6.5 months). During the arthroscopy, loose osteochondral fragments of the capitellum and radial head were removed, and the defect was debrided. Thorough evaluation of the anterior and posterior joint including the olecranon fossa was performed. One of the 5 patients had a loose body requiring arthroscopic removal. Within 6 months after surgery, all except 1 elbow, the elbow with a loose body, regained maximum range of motion. Two patients returned to a high level of gymnastics and 1 was considering return. The short-term results of this treatment suggest that arthroscopic debridement of the loose osteochondral fragments provides a good result.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12579155 &1526-3231 Case Reports Journal Article12579155\Department of Orthopaedics, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.d~?-5Tsuda, E. Ishibashi, Y. Sato, H. Yamamoto, Y. Toh, S.2005oOsteochondral autograft transplantation for osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum in nonthrowing athletes1270 Arthroscopy2110OctoIn this report, we present the cases of 3 nonthrowing athletes with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum. Preoperatively, they complained of elbow pain during rhythmic gymnastics, table tennis, and basketball, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a completely separated osteochondral fragment or a full-thickness cartilage defect. All 3 patients were treated with transplantation of an osteochondral autograft harvested from the lateral femoral condyle. They returned fully to their sports activities within 6 months of surgery. The continuity of the cartilage layer between the osteochondral graft and the capitellum was shown on magnetic resonance images taken at 12 months postoperatively. We believe that osteochondral autograft transplantation provides successful results for nonthrowing athletes with end-stage osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16226661 1526-3231 Journal Article16226661~Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan. eiichi@cc.hirosaki-u.ac.jp~?.DMcHugh, M. P. Tyler, T. F. Tetro, D. T. Mullaney, M. Nicholas, S. J.2005oRisk factors for noncontact ankle sprains in high school athletes: The role of hip strength and balance ability1-7Am J Sports Med343Oct 11BACKGROUND: Ankle sprains are among the most common sports injuries. HYPOTHESIS: Poor balance as measured on a balance board and weakness in hip abduction strength are associated with an increased risk of noncontact ankle sprains in high school athletes. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive epidemiology study. METHODS: One hundred sixty-nine high school athletes (101 male athletes, 68 female athletes) from football, men's basketball, men's soccer, women's gymnastics, women's basketball, and women's soccer were observed for 2 years. Balance in single-limb stance on an instrumented tilt board and hip flexion, abduction, and adduction strength (handheld dynamometer) were assessed in the preseason. Body mass, height, generalized ligamentous laxity, previous ankle sprains, and ankle tape or brace use were also documented. RESULTS: There were 20 noncontact inversion ankle sprains. Balance ability (P = .72), hip abduction strength (P = .66), hip adduction strength (P = .41), and hip flexion strength (P = .87) were not significant risk factors for ankle sprains. The incidence of grade II and grade III sprains was higher in athletes with a history of a previous ankle sprain (1.12 vs 0.26 per 1000 exposures, P < .05). A higher body mass index in male athletes was associated with increased risk (P < .05). The combination of a previous injury and being overweight further increased risk (P < .01). CONCLUSION: Balance as measured on a balance board and hip strength were not significant indicators for noncontact ankle sprains. The apparent high injury risk associated with the combination of a history of a previous ankle sprain and being overweight in male athletes warrants further examination.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16219940 0363-5465 Journal article16219940cNicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, New York.~?07Davidson, P. L. Mahar, B. Chalmers, D. J. Wilson, B. D.2005HImpact modeling of gymnastic back-handsprings and dive-rolls in children115-28J Appl Biomech212Adolescent Athletic Injuries/physiopathology/prevention & control Child Child, Preschool Computer Simulation Elasticity Energy Transfer/*physiology Female Gymnastics/injuries/*physiology Hand/*physiology Humans Male *Models, Biological Reference Values Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Risk Assessment/*methods Risk Factors Shoulder/injuries/*physiology Stress, Mechanical Viscosity Wrist/*physiology Wrist Injuries/physiopathology/prevention & controlMayThis study was to determine estimates of the stiffness and damping properties of the wrist, and shoulder in children by examining wrist impacts on the outstretched hand in selected gymnastic activities. The influence of age, mass, and wrist and torso impact velocity on the stiffness and damping properties were also examined. Fourteen young gymnasts (ages 8 to 15 yrs) were videotaped while performing back-handspring trials or dive-rolls. Kinematic and ground reaction analysis provided input for computer simulation of the body as a rheological model with appropriate stiffness and damping. A significant positive linear relationship was obtained between wrist damping in dive rolls and age, mass, and wrist and torso impact velocity, while shoulder damping in the back-handsprings had a significant positive linear relationship with body mass. This new information on stiffness and damping at the shoulder and the wrist in children enables realistic mathematical modeling of children's physical responses to hand impact in falls. This is significant because modeling studies can now be used as an alternative to epidemiological studies to evaluate measures aimed at reducing injuries in gymnastics and other activities involving impact to the upper extremity.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16082013 B1065-8483 Clinical Trial Controlled Clinical Trial Journal Article16082013Injury Prevention Research Unit, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.~?1"Irwin, G. Hanton, S. Kerwin, D. G.2005NThe conceptual process of skill progression development in artistic gymnastics1089-99 J Sports Sci2310Oct:In this study, we examined the methods used and knowledge required by 16 elite men's gymnastic coaches in the development of skill progressions. Following in-depth interviews, a conceptual model representing the process of skill progression development was generated. We found that: (1) elite gymnastic coaches developed skill progressions through experimental practice, reflection and critical inquiry; (2) the development of skill progressions was underpinned by the coaches acquiring a mindset based on four further sub-components (i.e. skill progression refinement, current coaching knowledge, mental imagery and biomechanical understanding); and (3) coaches identified the importance of replication of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the final skill. The results are consistent with task analysis, reflective practice and the principle of specificity. Practically, these findings suggest the need to develop coaches with a more objective approach to skill progression development and a greater understanding of the controlling mechanisms inherent in such practices.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16194985 0264-0414 Journal Article16194985qSchool of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK. girwin@uwic.ac.uk~?2'Chase, M. A. Magyar, M. T. Drake, B. M.2005\Fear of injury in gymnastics: self-efficacy and psychological strategies to keep on tumbling465-75 J Sports Sci235MayThe aim of this study was to examine female gymnasts' fear of injury, their sources of self-efficacy and the psychological strategies used to overcome their fears. The participants were 10 female gymnasts aged 12 - 17 years. They had all taken part in competitive gymnastics and had experienced some type of injury during their careers. Individual interviews were conducted using a structured interview guide. Data were analysed using an inductive content analysis. The results indicated that gymnasts were most fearful of injuries because of the difficulty in returning from an injury and being unable to participate in practices and competitions while injured. Gymnasts described aspects of their past performance experience, such as success, consistency and communication with significant others, as important sources of self-efficacy. Some examples of psychological strategies used to overcome their fear of injury were mental preparation (e.g. imagery, relaxation), just "going for a skill" and the coaches' influence.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16194995 0264-0414 Journal Article16194995wDepartment of Physical Education, Health and Sport Studies, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA. chasema@muohio.edu ~?38Claessens, A. L. Lefevre, J. Beunen, G. P. Malina, R. M.2005jMaturity-associated variation in the body size and proportions of elite female gymnasts 14-17 years of age1-7 Eur J PediatrDec 13{The aim of this study was to evaluate variations in the size and body proportions of elite female gymnasts associated with individual differences in maturity status. The subjects were 150 gymnasts, 14.0-17.9 years of age, who had participated in the 24th World Championship in Artistic Gymnastics, Rotterdam. Height, body mass, sitting height and biacromial and bicristal breadths were measured. Leg length was estimated as the height minus sitting height, and the ratio of sitting height to height was calculated. Information on menarcheal status was obtained by means of a questionnaire, and hand-wrist radiographs were taken to assess skeletal maturity status. For the purpose of data analysis the gymnasts were divided into three maturity groups within each single-year chronological age (CA) group from 14 to 17 years: pre-menarcheal (n=65); post-menarcheal but not skeletally mature (SA<16.0 years, n=37); post-menarcheal, skeletally mature (n=48). Differences among the groups were tested with analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey tests. The results showed that pre-menarcheal gymnasts are smaller in all dimensions compared to post-menarcheal gymnasts in all age groups but that the significance of differences varies. Post-menarcheal, skeletally mature gymnasts are heavier than pre-menarcheal gymnasts, but weight does not differ between gymnasts in the two post-menarcheal groups (with one exception, 16 years). Post-menarcheal, skeletally mature gymnasts have proportionally shorter legs than gymnasts in the other two maturity categories. Elite gymnasts of contrasting maturity status show similar trends in body size and proportions similar to those of non-athlete adolescent girls of contrasting maturity status. The results highlight the need to consider maturity-associated variation in the body dimensions of gymnasts before attributing their characteristics to the demands of regular training.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16344993 !0340-6199 (Print) Journal article16344993Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, Albrecht.claessens@faber.kuleuven.be. 6~?4:Daly, R. M. Caine, D. Bass, S. L. Pieter, W. Broekhoff, J.2005OGrowth of highly versus moderately trained competitive female artistic gymnasts1053-60Med Sci Sports Exerc376Jun2PURPOSE: To investigate whether growth was adversely affected in 137 young competitive female artistic gymnasts involved in different training volumes. METHODS: This was a 2-yr prospective cohort study in which height, sitting height, leg length, weight, skinfolds, and pubertal status were measured in competitive advanced (20-27 h x wk(-1)) and intermediate (7.5-22 h x wk(-1)) training level female gymnasts every 6-12 months. Biological parameters of the adolescent growth curve were estimated using the Preece-Baines growth model. Growth rates were estimated for both groups from the mixed-longitudinal data. RESULTS: Estimated ages at peak height velocity (PHV) (13-13.5 yr) and mean PHV (6.2-6.4 cm x yr(-1)) for the advanced- and intermediate-level gymnasts suggest that these gymnasts were later maturing and experienced a blunting of the growth spurt relative to reference values for U.S. youth. Comparison of growth velocities by pubertal status revealed that height velocity was lower in the advanced- versus the intermediate-level peripubertal gymnasts, which was due to a significant reduction in sitting height velocity (2.3 vs 3.1 cm x yr(-1), P. < 0.05). No marked acceleration in height or sitting height velocity was detected in the advanced-level gymnasts from pre- to peripuberty. Inspection of individual growth rates revealed that over 35% of the pre- and peripubertal gymnasts experienced growth faltering (height velocity less than 4.5 cm x yr(-1)) during follow-up. CONCLUSION: Advanced-and intermediate-training level competitive female gymnasts tend to exhibit an adolescent growth spurt that is similar in timing and tempo to short, normal, slowly maturing girls, but the high frequency of growth faltering suggests that training may alter the tempo of growth and maturation in some, but not all, female gymnasts.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15947733 0195-9131 Journal Article15947733Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia. rmdaly@deakin.edu.au~?55Loud, K. J. Gordon, C. M. Micheli, L. J. Field, A. E.2005GCorrelates of stress fractures among preadolescent and adolescent girlse399-406 Pediatrics1154Adolescent Age Distribution Bone Density Child Cross-Sectional Studies Eating Disorders/physiopathology Exercise/*physiology Female Fractures, Stress/*epidemiology/etiology Gymnastics/physiology Humans Menarche Odds Ratio Prevalence Questionnaires Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Running/physiology Time FactorsApr OBJECTIVE: Although stress fractures are a source of significant morbidity in active populations, particularly among young female athletes, the causes of stress fractures have not been explored among females <17 years of age or in the general population. The purpose of this study was to examine correlates of stress fractures in a large, population-based, national, cohort study of preadolescent and adolescent girls. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of data from 5461 girls, 11 to 17 years of age, in the Growing Up Today Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of the children of registered female nurses participating in Nurses' Health Study II, was performed. Mothers self-reported information regarding their children's histories of stress fractures on their 1998 annual questionnaire. Growing Up Today Study participants self-reported their weight and height, menarcheal status, physical activity, dietary intake, and disordered eating habits on annual surveys. RESULTS: In 1998, the mean age of the participants was 13.9 years. Approximately 2.7% of the girls had a history of stress fracture, 3% engaged in disordered eating (using fasting, diet pills, laxatives, or vomiting to control weight), and 16% participated in > or =16 hours per week of moderate to vigorous activity. Age at menarche, z score of BMI in 1998, calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and daily dairy intake were all unrelated to stress fractures after controlling for age. Independent of age and BMI, girls who participated in > or =16 hours per week of activity in 1998 had 1.88 greater odds of a history of stress fracture than did girls who participated in <4 hours per week (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18-3.30). Girls who participated in > or =16 hours per week of activity were also more likely than their peers to engage in disordered eating (4.6% vs 2.8%); however, disordered eating did not have an independent association with stress fractures (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33; 95% CI: 0.61-2.89). Independent of age and BMI, each hour per week of high-impact activity significantly increased the risk of stress fracture (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09). Among the high-impact physical activities, only running (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.22) and cheerleading/gymnastics (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01-1.21) were independently associated with greater odds of stress fracture. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that, although activity can be beneficial for bone health, there is a threshold over which the risk of stress fracture increases significantly among adolescent girls. High-impact activities, particularly running, cheerleading, and gymnastics, appear to be higher risk than other activities. Prospective studies are needed to explore the directionality of these relationships, as well as the role of menstrual history. In the meantime, clinicians should remain vigilant in identifying and treating disordered eating and menstrual irregularities among their highly active, young, female patients.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15805341 1098-4275 Journal Article15805341Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.~?6)Difiori, J. P. Caine, D. J. Malina, R. M.2006QWrist pain, distal radial physeal injury, and ulnar variance in the young gymnast840-9Am J Sports Med345Feb 21In gymnastics, the wrist joint is subjected to repetitive loading in a weightbearing fashion. In this setting, chronic wrist pain is quite common. Because gymnasts ordinarily enter the sport at very young ages and train for several years before skeletal maturity is attained, the growth plates of the wrist are at risk for injury. In addition, imaging studies have identified evidence of injury to the distal radial physis and the development of positive ulnar variance. Recent studies provide more information on the relationships between these findings, as well as factors that may predispose some gymnasts to wrist pain. This article provides a comprehensive review of these issues and offers suggestions for management, preventive measures, and future research.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16493174 !0363-5465 (Print) Journal article16493174{Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.~?7EKaneko, K. Matsuda, T. Mogami, A. Obayashi, O. Iwase, H. Kurosawa, H.2004uType III fracture of the tibial tubercle with avulsion of the tibialis anterior muscle in the adolescent male athlete919-21Injury359Absorbable Implants Adolescent Fracture Fixation/*methods Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Knee Joint/radiography Male Muscle, Skeletal/*injuries/radiography/surgery Osteochondritis/complications/radiography/surgery Tibial Fractures/complications/radiography/*surgery Treatment OutcomeSepUINTRODUCTION: Type III fracture of the tibial tubercle by Watson-Jones, or type IIIa injury according to John Ogden's classification has been well described and its management is now well codified in standard orthopaedic textbooks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors present a case of type III fracture of the tibial tubercle associated with an avulsion of the tibialis anterior muscle. RESULTS: We demonstrated the effectiveness of bioabsorbable material for fixing the fracture preventing the need for removal of metalware, and that the anterior tibialis muscle had been stripped by the injury. CONCLUSION: A displaced type III fracture of the tibial tubercle may have an associated with avulsion of the tibialis anterior muscle, particularly in adolescent athletes. Prompt recognition and appropriate surgical treatment can give an excellent outcome.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15302247 F0020-1383 Case Reports Journal Article Review Review of Reported Cases15302247uDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. orthop-jun-izu@mx5.ttcn.ne.jp ~?9Schalow, G. Paasuke, M.2003Low-load coordination dynamics in athletes, physiotherapists, gymnasts, musicians and patients with spinal cord injury, after stroke, traumatic brain lesion and with cerebral palsy195-201Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol434OAdult Ataxia/*physiopathology Brain Injuries/*physiopathology Cerebral Palsy/*physiopathology Cerebrovascular Accident/*physiopathology Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male Movement/physiology *Music *Physical Therapy (Specialty) Reference Values Spinal Cord Injuries/*physiopathology Sports/*physiology Weight-Bearing/*physiologyJunFLow-load coordination dynamics were measured in athletes, physiotherapists, gymnasts, musicians and patients after stroke, traumatic brain injury and spinal cord lesion during exercise on a special coordination dynamic therapy device to quantify differences in central nervous system (CNS) organization between healthy subjects and patients with CNS injury. In healthy humans coordination dynamics (arrhythmicity of turning) varied between 5.2 and 6.0 for forward and between 6.9 and 10.7 1/s for backward turning. The frequency of turning varied between 1.24 (athletes) and 1.49 Hz (musicians) for forward and between 1.11 and 1.25 Hz for backward turning. Apart from the poor rhythmicity of backward turning among physiotherapists, gymnasts and musicians, inter-group differences were small in comparison to intra-group variation. In patients with spinal cord lesion the coordination dynamics value was 8.3 for forward and 11.0 for backward turning. The frequencies for forward and backward turning were 1.20 and 1.20 Hz respectively. The values for coordination dynamics and frequency of turning thus did only slightly differ from those measured for healthy subjects. The patients after stroke, traumatic brain injury and cerebral palsy had much higher coordination dynamic values (20.4, 22.9 and 30 1/s respectively) and lower forward (0.85, 0.93, and 0.52 Hz) and backward turning frequencies (0.98, 1.06, 0.42 Hz), suggesting strongly pathologic CNS organization. Low-load coordination dynamics (20N) are thus useful to measure progress in CNS organization due to therapy in patients with CNS injury.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12836583 0301-150x Journal Article12836583~Coordination Dynamic Therapy Centre, Avenida del Parque, Edif. Benal Beach, Local 2, E-29630 Benalmadena-Costa, Malaga, Spain. ~?:!Schalow, G. Paasuke, M. Kolts, I.2003oHigh-load coordination dynamics in athletes, physiotherapists, gymnasts, musicians and patients with CNS injury353-65Electromyogr Clin Neurophysiol436IAdult Biomechanics Central Nervous System/physiology Electromyography Exercise/*physiology Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Learning Male *Motor Skills Music Physical Therapy (Specialty) *Physical Therapy Techniques *Psychomotor Performance Severity of Illness Index Spinal Cord Injuries/*rehabilitation Sports Weight-BearingSepHigh-load coordination dynamics were measured in athletes, physiotherapists, gymnasts, musicians, patients with spinal cord injury and a patient with multiple sclerosis during exercise on a special coordination dynamic therapy device to quantify improvement in the central nervous system (CNS) organization due to therapy in patients and to quantify differences in the CNS organization between healthy subjects and patients with CNS injury. The values of high-load coordination dynamics for the group of athletes were two times better than those of physiotherapists, gymnasts and musicians, but still two times poorer than the best value achieved so far in a patient with a spinal cord injury after 10 months of continuous intensive coordination dynamics therapy. Especially the physiotherapists, gymnasts and musicians had poor coordination between arms and legs for the difficult intermediate coordinations between pace and trot gait for high load. Exhaustion of the CNS and improvement of CNS functioning in the short-term memory could be made visible using hysteresis-like curves for load increase and decrease. When not receiving therapy, patients with CNS injury could not turn at high loads, and showed poor coordination at lower loads only. After exercising 7,000 coordinated arm and leg movements per month, the CNS organization for high load improved in 3 healthy subjects by 36%. In patients with CNS injury, such improvements of high-load coordination dynamics took several months of intensive coordination dynamics therapy including 350,000 coordinated movements per months. The rate of learning may differ in healthy subjects and patients very approximately by a factor of 50 depending on the severity of the injury. On the other hand however, the high-load coordination between arms and legs, necessary for walking could be improved during therapy even in patients with multiple sclerosis, with the consequence that they could manage better in every day life.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14535048 (0301-150x Clinical Trial Journal Article14535048ZInstitute of Exercise Biology, University of Tartu, 5 Jakobi Street, Tartu 51014, Estonia.j~?;!Takei, Y. Dunn, J. H. Blucker, E.2003_Techniques used in high-scoring and low-scoring 'Roche' vaults performed by elite male gymnasts141-62Sports Biomech22Biomechanics Exertion/physiology Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't *Task Performance and AnalysisJul#The 16 highest-scored Roche vaults (G1) performed during the 2000 Olympic Games were compared with those receiving the 16 lowest-scores (G2). A 16-mm motion picture camera operating at 100 Hz recorded the vaults during the competition. The results of t tests (p < .05) indicated G1, compared to G2, had (a) shorter time of board support, greater normalised average upward vertical force and backward horizontal force exerted by the board, greater change in the vertical velocity while on the board, and greater vertical velocity at board take-off, (b) comparable linear and angular motions in pre-flight, (c) smaller backward horizontal impulse exerted by the horse, smaller loss of the horizontal velocity while on the horse, and greater horizontal and vertical velocities at horse take-off, (d) greater height and larger horizontal distance of post-flight, (e) higher body mass centre at knee release, and (f) higher mass centre, greater normalised moment of inertia, and smaller vertical velocity at mat touchdown. Therefore, gymnasts and coaches should focus on sprinting the approach; blocking and pushing-off the take-off board rapidly and vigorously; departing the board with a large vertical velocity; exerting large downward vertical force and small forward horizontal force from the hand-stand position while on the horse; departing the horse with large horizontal and vertical velocities; and completing the majority of the double salto forward near the peak of trajectory and releasing the knees above the top of the horse to prepare for a controlled landing.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14737924 1476-3141 Journal Article14737924kDepartment of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2854, USA. ~?<,Nemeth, R. L. von Baeyer, C. L. Rocha, E. M.2005[Young gymnasts' understanding of sport-related pain: a contribution to prevention of injury615-25Child Care Health Dev315BAdolescent Age Factors Analysis of Variance Athletic Injuries/prevention & control/psychology Attitude to Health Child Child Development Child Language Exertion/physiology Female Gymnastics/*injuries/*psychology Humans Interviews Male Motivation Pain/*psychology Questionnaires Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sex FactorsSepINTRODUCTION: Pain may signal impending or actual injury, or the achievement of optimum workload to produce a physical conditioning effect. These different functions of pain present a challenge for athletes wanting to improve their skill and conditioning level in the most efficient manner without injury. As children may be particularly vulnerable to exacerbating pain and injury owing to limited knowledge, it is important to learn more about the development of their understanding of pain concepts (e.g. pain as a signal of impending injury vs. soreness from exertion). METHODS: A structured interview and scoring criteria were developed to measure children's understanding of the functions of pain in sport and the consequences of pain and injury. Competitive gymnasts (6-13 years; n = 68; 63% girls) were interviewed and their responses were scored for indices of understanding of different types of pain. RESULTS: Age differences were found in: number of different types of pain identified; understanding of pain causality; understanding the value of pain; distinguishing pain from exertion; and use of pain descriptors. Analyses revealed that gymnasts responded differently to different types of pain and were aware of the need to stop their sport in some cases and to continue in others. Most did not describe social pressure to continue gymnastics while in pain. Gymnasts demonstrated an understanding that there was little they could do about chronic pain, yet appreciated that pain or damage could worsen with continued practice. DISCUSSION: This study was a first step in elucidating young gymnasts' understanding of sport-related pain. Further research is needed with athletes from other sports, and comparisons should be made with non-athletic children and those with pain from other sources. Within various sports, it will be important to determine the relative effects of age, sex, and number of hours spent training. Appreciation of individual differences in children's understanding of pain may contribute to prevention of injury in sport. For example, children who understand the difference between soreness from exertion and acute pain owing to injury may be able to make better decisions about pain management and continued practice.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16101659 0305-1862 Journal Article16101659NThe Toronto Western Hospital, Rehabilitation Solutions, East Wing, ON, Canada./~?=<Nanyan, P. Prouteau, S. Jaffre, C. Benhamou, L. Courteix, D.2005QThicker radial cortex in physically active prepubertal girls compared to controls110-5Int J Sports Med262*Bone Density Case-Control Studies Child Densitometry, X-Ray Exercise/*physiology Female Humans Radius/*anatomy & histology/radiography Sports/*physiologyMarThis study was carried out to investigate the effects of physical activity on cortical bone of the radius in a population of prepubertal girls. Forty-nine healthy girls, 17 actives (10.62 +/- 1.56 years) and 32 controls (9.84 +/- 1.23 years) participated in this study. The active group was involved in gymnastics, judo, and dance on average 7.76 +/- 3.94 h/week. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were performed at the distal third of the non-dominant radius using DXA. The lean mass of the non-dominant forearm was derived from the total body analysis performed with DXA. In order to obtain bone cortical thickness, standard radiographs of the non-dominant radius were scanned and computed using a software program based on radiogrammetry. BMD and BMC values were higher in actives than in controls. Cortical thickness at the ulnar side correlated significantly with all the anthropometric and densitometric values as well as the duration of training. In addition, cortical thickness at the ulnar side was significantly higher in the actives compared to the controls. After adjustment for the duration of training per week, cortical thickness of the ulnar side did not differ any more between actives and controls. The same observation was obtained after adjustment for the forearm lean mass. In our active population, physical practice seemed to have induced greater BMC and higher cortical thickness than those observed in the sedentary.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15726485 0172-4622 Journal Article15726485Laboratoire de la Performance Motrice, Orleans University, Equipe Inserm ERIT-M 0101, Orleans Regional Hospital, Orleans, France. ~?>}Theodoropoulou, A. Markou, K. B. Vagenakis, G. A. Benardot, D. Leglise, M. Kourounis, G. Vagenakis, A. G. Georgopoulos, N. A.2005Delayed but normally progressed puberty is more pronounced in artistic compared with rhythmic elite gymnasts due to the intensity of training6022-7J Clin Endocrinol Metab9011Nov$CONTEXT: Elite gymnasts are subjected to intense training, which may alter pubertal development. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the investigation was to study the impact of gymnastics on pubertal development in rhythmic (RGs) and artistic gymnasts (AGs). DESIGN: Evaluation of somatometric parameters, pubertal stage, and intensity of training in the competition field were studied. SETTING: The study was conducted at European and world championships of years 1997-2004. SUBJECTS: Subjects included 433 elite RGs and 427 AGs, aged 11-23 yr. Intervention: There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean chronological and bone ages of each pubertal stage and their relation to the intensity of training were measured. RESULTS: AGs and RGs showed a delay in skeletal maturation (Delta age-bone age, 2.13 and 1.28, respectively; P < 0.001). AGs were subjected to higher levels of physical training. Thelarche occurred at 12.9 yr for RGs and 13.2 yr for AGs (P = 0.003) and pubarche at 12.5 and 12.9 yr, respectively (P = 0.002). Puberty was delayed but normally progressed. AGs entered each pubertal stage later than RGs. The delay was influenced by the amount of energy output. Menarcheal age was 14.6 yr for RGs and 14.9 yr for AGs. Menarche was influenced in AGs by bone age (b = 0.333; t = 2.521; P = 0.020), pubarche (b = 0.322; t = 2.401; P = 0.026), and body fat (b = -0.458; t = -3.412; P = 0.003) and in RGs by bone age (b = 0.378; t = 3.689; P < 0.001) and pubarche (b = 0.525; t = 6.017; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In RGs and AGs, pubertal development was shifted to a later age, maintaining a normal rate of progression, which followed the bone age. AGs, who were exposed to a greater and more sustained energy output than RGs, presented a more pronounced delay in both skeletal maturation and pubertal development.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16118332 0021-972x Journal Article16118332Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Rio-26500, Greece.1~??NBanks, K. P. Ly, J. Q. Beall, D. P. Grayson, D. E. Bancroft, L. W. Tall, M. A.2005Overuse injuries of the upper extremity in the competitive athlete: magnetic resonance imaging findings associated with repetitive trauma127-42Curr Probl Diagn Radiol344Athletic Injuries/*diagnosis Cumulative Trauma Disorders/*diagnosis Humans Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods Upper Extremity/*injuriesJul-AugOveruse injuries are a very common cause of pain in athletes, accounting for a significant loss of training time and missed competitions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is playing an increasing role in facilitating the expeditious and safe return of these individuals to their preinjury level of physical performance by allowing accurate diagnosis. Sports physicians are increasingly relying on the exquisite anatomic detail afforded by this technique to formulate diagnoses that assist with the optimal management of these athletic injuries. Some upper extremity overuse entities are well recognized; two examples are medial epicondylitis, classically appearing in baseball pitchers, and lateral epicondylitis, in tennis players. Other less well-known injuries of the upper extremity, such as intersection syndrome in rowers and distal clavicular stress fractures in weightlifters, are frequent occurrences in certain circles of athletes. The following article is a pictorial review of the MRI findings of upper extremity overuse injuries encountered in the competitive athlete, with an emphasis on the sports scenarios in which they occur. We will depict mechanisms of injury and applicable anatomy and show characteristic imaging findings. A wide range of entities are addressed, including but not limited to overuse injuries occurring in baseball, swimming, gymnastics, weightlifting, bowling, and cycling.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16012484 10363-0188 Journal Article Review Review, Tutorial16012484ODepartment of Radiology, Brook Army Medical Center, Fort Sam, Houston, TX, USA.~?@.Wilson, L. Dimeff, R. Miniaci, A. Sundaram, M.2005NRadiologic case study. First metarsophalangeal plantar plate injury (turf toe) 344, 417-9 Orthopedics284~Adolescent Athletic Injuries/*diagnosis/therapy Diagnosis, Differential Female Foot Injuries/*diagnosis/therapy Gymnastics/*injuries Humans *Image Enhancement Joint Capsule/*injuries/pathology Ligaments, Articular/*injuries/pathology *Magnetic Resonance Imaging Metatarsophalangeal Joint/*injuries/radiography Sensitivity and Specificity Shoes Sprains and Strains/*diagnosis/therapyAprTurf toe and related injuries to the first metatarsophalangeal joint are common injuries that occur in several sports. Although often a clinical diagnosis, advanced imaging can help grade severity of sprain and evaluate for associated or unsuspected injuries. Without proper rest and conservative management, a treatable injury can have chronic sequelae and morbidity. Operative management is uncommon, but successful in returning high-level competitive athletes to their sport.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15887578 &0147-7447 Case Reports Journal Article15887578Cleveland Clinic, Ohio, USA.~?A"Asseman, F. Caron, O. Cremieux, J.2005YEffects of the removal of vision on body sway during different postures in elite gymnasts116-9Int J Sports Med262XAdolescent Adult Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male Movement *Posture *Visual PerceptionMarThe aim of this study was to analyse the effects of the removal of vision on postural performance and postural control in function of the difficulty and specificity of the posture. Twelve elite gymnasts were instructed to be as stable as possible with eyes open and eyes closed in three postures: bipedal, unipedal, and handstand ranked from the less difficult and less specific to the more difficult and more specific. The ratios eyes closed on eyes open, computed on CP surface and CP mean velocity, which respectively represents postural performance and postural control, were similar in the bipedal and handstand postures. They were highly increased in the unipedal one. The effect of the removal of vision and so the role of vision on body sway was not directly linked to the difficulty or specificity of the posture; other tasks' characteristics like the segments configuration also played a role.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15726495 0172-4622 Journal Article15726495Laboratoire Ergonomie, Sport et Performance, Universite de Toulon et du Var, UFR-STAPS, Avenue de l'Universite, BP 132, 83957 La Garde cedex, France. asseman@univ.tin.fr~?BGervais, P. Dunn, J.20035The double back salto dismount from the parallel bars85-101Sports Biomech21Biomechanics Gymnastics/*physiology Hip/physiology Humans Knee/physiology Range of Motion, Articular/physiology *Sports Equipment *Task Performance and AnalysisJanThe purpose of this study was to identify those mechanical determinants or their trends that distinguished a gymnast's best performance of the double back salto dismount on parallel bars from those judged to be inferior. Dismounts, in the tucked position, by nine Canadian gymnasts were analysed. Unique to this study was the inclusive analysis of multiple performances of the same skill by these athletes. It was felt that within-subject comparisons would reveal the kinematic variables on which the gymnast may focus in order to achieve their best performances. A non-parametric median sign test was used to compare mechanical variables, within subjects, between the dismount judged the best and those dismounts awarded a lower score. Three judges judged each dismount. In comparison to poorer performances of the dismount, statistical analyses revealed that athlete's best performances were characterised by (1) a higher release point, more vertical velocity yet with less angular momentum at take-off, (2) greater height, with a tighter and earlier tuck position during the flight phase, and (3) a greater range of motion and a more compact squat position at landing (all p's < .06).fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14658248 (1476-3141 Clinical Trial Journal Article14658248_Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. ~?CKing, M. A. Yeadon, M. R.2005QFactors influencing performance in the Hecht vault and implications for modelling145-51 J Biomech381Biomechanics Computer Simulation Elasticity *Gymnastics Hand/physiology Hip Joint/physiology Humans Knee Joint/physiology *Models, Biological Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Rotation Shoulder Joint/*physiology Torque Viscosity Wrist Joint/physiologyJanhThis paper investigated the factors that influence Hecht vault performance and assessed the level of model complexity required to give an adequate representation of vaulting. A five-segment planar simulation model with a visco-elastic shoulder joint and a torque generator at the shoulder joint was used to simulate the contact phase in vaulting. The model was customized to an elite gymnast by determining subject-specific segmental inertia and joint torque parameters. The simulation model was matched to a performance of the Hecht vault by varying the visco-elastic characteristics of the shoulders and the arm-horse interface and the activation time history of the shoulder torque generator until the best match was found. Perturbing the matching simulation demonstrated that appropriate initial kinematics are necessary for a successful performance. Fixing the hip and knee angles at their initial values had a small effect with 3 degrees less rotation. Applying shoulder torque during the contact phase also had a small effect with only a 7 degrees range in landing angles. Excluding the hand segment from the model was found to have a moderate effect with 15 degrees less rotation and the time of contact reduced by 38%. Removing shoulder elasticity resulted in 50 degrees less rotation. The use of a five-segment simulation model confirmed that the use of shoulder torque plays a minor role in vaulting performance and that having appropriate initial kinematics at touchdown is essential. However, factors such as shoulder elasticity and the hands which have previously been ignored also have a substantial influence on performance.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15519350 0021-9290 Journal Article15519350{School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK. m.a.king@lboro.ac.uk~?D:Filaire, E. Jouanel, P. Colombier, M. Begue, R. J. Lac, G.2003{Effects of 16 weeks of training prior to a major competition on hormonal and biochemical parameters in young elite gymnasts741-50J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab1654Adolescent Body Constitution Body Weight Cortisone/blood Creatinine/blood Diet Energy Intake Exercise/*physiology Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3/blood Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism Menarche *Nutrition Assessment Triglycerides/blood Uric Acid/bloodJunThe aim of this study was to investigate the response to 16 weeks of training on selected hormonal and biological parameters in seven international competition level female artistic gymnasts (14.5 +/- 1.2 years). Data were collected at the beginning of the first training week (W1) and in the 16th week (W16). Assessments also included anthropometric measurements, dietary intake for 7 days and Tanner staging. No gymnast had reached menarche and the puberty stages corresponded to Tanner's pubertal stage 2. The gymnasts were smaller than average for their age group, with a height:weight ratio above the 50th percentile. Energy intake was about 31% lower than recommendations. Significant decreases in IGF-I, IGFBP3, IGF-I:C ratio and triglyceride values and increases in uric acid and creatinine levels were noted. Cortisol values were high regardless of the period. This training provided evidence for alterations in resting somatotropic and adrenocorticotropic parameters.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12880124 0334-018x Journal Article12880124VCRIS, UFRSTAPS Lyon I, Universite Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France. filaire@nat.fr~?E Boden, B. P.2005$Direct catastrophic injury in sports445-54J Am Acad Orthop Surg137Nov2Catastrophic sports injuries are rare but tragic events. Direct (traumatic) catastrophic injury results from participating in the skills of a sport, such as a collision in football. Football is associated with the greatest number of direct catastrophic injuries for all major team sports in the United States. Pole vaulting, gymnastics, ice hockey, and football have the highest incidence of direct catastrophic injuries for sports in which males participate. In most sports, the rate of catastrophic injury is higher at the collegiate than at the high school level. Cheerleading is associated with the highest number of direct catastrophic injuries for all sports in which females participate. Indirect (nontraumatic) injury is caused by systemic failure as a result of exertion while participating in a sport. Cardiovascular conditions, heat illness, exertional hyponatremia, and dehydration can cause indirect catastrophic injury. Understanding the common mechanisms of injury and prevention strategies for direct catastrophic injuries is critical in caring for athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16272269 1067-151x Journal Article16272269IUniformed Services, University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. s~?F/DiFiori, J. P. Puffer, J. C. Aish, B. Dorey, F.2002MWrist pain in young gymnasts: frequency and effects upon training over 1 year348-53Clin J Sport Med126Adolescent Age Distribution Analysis of Variance Arthralgia/*epidemiology/etiology Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Comparative Study Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Logistic Models Male Pain/*epidemiology/etiology Pain Measurement Physical Education and Training/methods Probability Prospective Studies Questionnaires Severity of Illness Index Sex Distribution Time Factors United States/epidemiology Wrist Joint/physiopathologyNovOBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and characteristics of wrist pain in young, nonelite gymnasts over a 1-year training period, and to describe the effects of chronic wrist upon gymnastics training. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Los Angeles-based gymnastics club. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-seven nonelite female and male gymnasts between 5 and 16 years of age. ASSESSMENTS: Each subject completed an interview-based questionnaire and received a physical exam at the study onset and at the end of 1 year of training. The questionnaire detailed training habits and elicited a history and description of wrist pain. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The frequency of wrist pain and several measures of training were reported at the study onset and at 1 year. Gymnasts with wrist pain were compared with those who were pain-free. MAIN RESULTS: Wrist pain was reported by 57% (27 of 47) of subjects at the study onset. Eighty-nine percent (24 of 27) reported wrist pain both at the study onset and 1 year later. Nineteen gymnasts (40%) were pain-free at each collection. The floor exercise, the pommel horse, and the balance beam were most frequently associated with wrist pain symptoms. Multivariate analysis revealed that adolescent gymnasts between 10 and 14 years of age were significantly more likely to report wrist pain at each survey than those who were either above or below this age range (p = 0.03). Forty-two percent of subjects with wrist pain at each survey reported that the symptoms interfered with training. Only five gymnasts with wrist pain were seen by physicians. Training intensity increased in gymnasts with and without wrist pain. The relative increase within each group was statistically significant among pain-free gymnasts (p = 0.003), but was not for those with wrist pain (p = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Wrist pain among young, nonelite gymnasts is common, and appears to persist with continued training in the vast majority of those who report symptoms. Adolescent gymnasts between 10 and 14 years of age training at this level are significantly more likely to have wrist pain. Wrist pain appears to have a negative effect upon training, based upon both self-report and training intensity measures; however, more study is needed with respect to this issue.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12466689 !1050-642X (Print) Journal Article12466689Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA. jdifiori@mednet.ucla.eduU~?GParr, T. J. Burns, T. C.20030Overuse injuries of the olecranon in adolescents1143-6 Orthopedics2611Adolescent Athletic Injuries/physiopathology Baseball/*injuries Cumulative Trauma Disorders/*etiology/physiopathology Edema/*etiology Fractures, Stress/etiology Gymnastics/*injuries Humans MaleNov'Overuse injuries are common in elite adolescent athletes due to intensive training demands. Overuse injuries of the olecranon have been divided into true stress fractures and osteochondroses. This article presents a third overuse injury, painful intraosseous edema, in elite adolescent athletes.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14627113 &0147-7447 Case Reports Journal Article14627113@University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Tex, USA.F~?H%Asseman, F. B. Caron, O. Cremieux, J.2007yAre there specific conditions for which expertise in gymnastics could have an effect on postural control and performance? Gait PostureMar 2The first aim of this study was to analyse the effect of elite training, linked to expertise, in gymnastics on postural performance and control. For this purpose, body sway of expert gymnasts was compared to other sportsmen, non-experts and non-gymnasts, in two different postures: bipedal (easy and unspecific to gymnasts) and unipedal (difficult and fairly specific). The second aim was to compare the groups in the same tasks but in a visual condition for which they were not trained, i.e. with eyes closed. Postural performance was assessed by centre of gravity motion, which was computed from centre of pressure motion, estimating postural control. A significant difference between the two groups was observed for postural performance in the unipedal posture and with eyes open only. Regardless of their posture, the groups were similarly affected by removal of vision. Expertise in gymnastics seemed to improve postural performances only in situations for which their practise is related to, i.e. unipedal with eyes open. These reveal the importance of choosing a relevant postural configuration and visual condition according to the people's training or by extension experience.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17337190 !0966-6362 (Print) Journal article17337190Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Hospital Campus, Fulham Palace Road, W68RF London, UK.]~?IAbrams, R. Tontz, W.2006Pisotriquetral arthrodesis as an alternative to excision for pisotriquetral instability in high-demand patients: a case report in a gymnast611-4J Hand Surg [Am]314AprA gymanast developed ulnar wrist pain caused by pisotriquetral instability. Pisotriquetral arthrodesis resulted in pain relief and sufficient functional return to allow her to return to gymnastics. Pisotriquetral arthrodesis is a feasible alternative to pisiform excision worth consideration in high-demand patients with symptomatic pisotriquetral instability or arthrosis. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, Level V.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16632056 !0363-5023 (Print) Journal Article166320562University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA.'~?J3Chilvers, M. Donahue, M. Nassar, L. Manoli, A., 2nd20070Foot and ankle injuries in elite female gymnasts214-8Foot Ankle Int282FebgBACKGROUND: Gymnastics is a competitive and popular sport that is started at an early age, and elite female gymnasts reach their prime in mid-teenage years. The level of intensity of practice and competition, the number of events, and the degree of difficulty of the maneuvers make gymnastics one of the most injury-producing sports. METHODS: Over a 3-year period, 14 elite, female gymnasts were seen in one foot and ankle center. The mean age was 17 (range 14 to 21) years. All gymnasts sustained acute or sub-acute injuries to the foot or ankle requiring surgery. The mechanism of injury, the type of injury, operative repair, and followup were recorded. RESULTS: There were five Lisfranc fracture-dislocations, and five talocalcaneal, two multiple metatarsal, one medial malleolar, one phalangeal, and one sesamoid fracture. All injuries had operative repair. One gymnast with a Lisfranc injury was able to return to full competition; all others with a Lisfranc injury retired from gymnastics, were lost to followup, or graduated from college. One gymnast with a talar osteochondral injury was not able to return to competition but all other injured gymnasts were able to return to gymnastics at the same level or higher. CONCLUSION: Elite female gymnasts can sustain significant injury to the foot and ankle region. In our study, Lisfranc injuries were most likely career-ending.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17296142 !1071-1007 (Print) Journal Article17296142Michigan International Foot and Ankle Center, 44555 Woodward Avenue, Suite 105, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA. pegchilvers@hotmail.com *<7KuCupisti, A. D'Alessandro, C. Evangelisti, I. Umbri, C. Rossi, M. Galetta, F. Panicucci, E. Lopes Pegna, S. Piazza, M.2007eInjury survey in competitive sub-elite rhythmic gymnasts: results from a prospective controlled study203-7J Sports Med Phys Fitness472JunAIM: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, anatomical site and types of injury incurred in rhythmic gymnastics. METHODS: An 8-month prospective and controlled injury survey was planned, including 70 club-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts, aged 13-19 years. Information on injury events was recorded weekly in an injury record booklet for any event occurring over that week. Height, weight, anthropometric measurements and time spent in physical activity were recorded at baseline. Data from 72 age-matched non-athletic females served as controls. RESULTS: Forty-nine significant injuries were reported by gymnasts and 34 by controls (70% vs 47%, P<0.005, odds ratio 2.28); gymnasts sustained a rate of 1.08 injuries per 1 000 h of training. The most prevalent anatomical sites sustaining injury were the ankle and the foot (38.9%), followed by back (22.2%). Strains and sprains were frequently reported both in gymnasts and in controls. Gymnasts missed an average of 4.1 days of physical activity as compared to 18.9 days for the control females. Alternatively, modification of training sessions occurred more frequently for the gymnast group (32 vs 7 cases for controls). The total school days missed were lower for the injured gymnasts than for the injured controls (27 vs 64 days). CONCLUSION: Competitive, club-level rhythmic gymnastics show a higher prevalence of injuries than non-athletic controls, but considering the high number of hours spent in training sessions, it derives that rhythmic gymnasts is a sport discipline at relatively low risk of severe injuries. These are mainly limited to back and lower limbs, are generally not severe and do not significantly hinder the preparation for the competitions.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17557059 Journal Article Italy0022-4707 (Print)3The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness17557059[Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy acupisti@int.med.unipi.it.engt?L'Harringe, M. L. Renstrom, P. Werner, S.2007mInjury incidence, mechanism and diagnosis in top-level teamgym: a prospective study conducted over one season115-94Scandanavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports172The aim of this study was to evaluate injury incidence, mechanism and diagnosis in Swedish teamgym. Sixteen male and 26 female gymnasts with international experience were prospectively followed during one season of training and competition. Injuries leading to a modified participation or total absence from gymnastics during 1 week or more were registered. Twenty-seven of the 42 gymnasts sustained 42 injuries. The injury incidence was 2.2/1000 gymnastics hours. No gender differences were found. Sixty-two percent of the injuries were located to the lower extremity, 28.5% to the back and 9.5% to the upper extremity. The most common injury was ankle sprain and the most frequent mechanisms were joint compression and joint rotation. The majority of the injuries occurred in the landing phase of the gymnastics skills and 50% of the injuries were reported at the end of the training session. Eighteen injuries occurred while the gymnasts were in a negative state of mood such as stressed or afraid. Injury prevention programs should be developed with respect to these findings. Special emphasis must be placed on the landing phase of the gymnastics skills as this phase seems to be critical.Corresponding author: Marita L. Harringe, Karolinska Institutet, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Sports Medicine, Forskningscentrum M3:00, Karolinska Hospital, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 51775629, Fax: +46 8 333183, E-mail: marita.harringe@ki.se'~?MCMcCormack, R. G. McLean, N. Dasilva, J. Fisher, C. G. Dvorak, M. F.2006QThoraco-lumbar flexion-distraction injury in a competitive gymnast: a case report369-71Clin J Sport Med164Adolescent Female Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Kyphosis/*diagnosis/physiopathology/surgery Low Back Pain/*diagnosis/surgery Lumbar Vertebrae/*injuries/surgery Spinal Fusion Spinal Injuries/*diagnosis/physiopathology/surgery Thoracic Vertebrae/*injuries/surgery Tomography, X-Ray ComputedJulfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16858227 .1050-642X (Print) Case Reports Journal Article16858227Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia and the Royal Columbian Hospital, New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. ~?N&Coventry, E. Sands, W. A. Smith, S. L.2006XHitting the vault board: implications for vaulting take-off--a preliminary investigation63-75Sports Biomech51JanGymnastics vaulting relies on a specialized take-off board for propulsion during the take-off phase of the vault. There is little information on the vault board and its behaviour. The aim of this study was to characterize the behaviour of the vault board during handspring drill take-offs of young male gymnasts (n = 36). The side of the top surface of the vault board and the wooden base were marked with three reflective markers, placed at the end of the vault board nearest the vault table and the centres of the two rearmost coil springs. The vault board surface was divided into two areas, rear and middle, based on marker location. The gymnasts' groups were determined from the location of the gymnast's lateral malleolus at vault board contact. Landings with the malleolus directly above or behind the rearmost marker were considered rear landings; landings with the malleolus forward of the rearmost marker were considered middle landings. Marker movements were automatically digitized and the right malleolus was hand digitized at 120 Hz. The maximum vertical displacement, vertical deflection time, and vertical velocity at take-off of the vault board markers did not differ statistically between board contact groups (all p > 0.05). The lateral malleolus velocity components also did not differ between board contact groups. Some low to moderately strong correlations were observed between the various marker displacements, durations and take-off velocities. Modest correlations were obtained between board markers and right malleolus velocities. The results indicate that foot contact on the vault board, as defined here, did not result in differences in board marker behaviour or right lateral malleolus velocities. This information does not support the idea that vault board contacts at the rear of the vault board are worse than contacts near the middle of the vault board. More research is needed to ascertain the role of the vault board's vibration characteristics to whole body actions that are observed in the subsequent preflight phase.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16521623 !1476-3141 (Print) Journal Article16521623QSports Biomechanics and Engineering, US Olympic Committee, Colorado Springs, USA.~?O'Damisch, L. Mussweiler, T. Plessner, H.2006eOlympic medals as fruits of comparison? Assimilation and contrast in sequential performance judgments166-78J Exp Psychol Appl123SepOThe authors investigated the evaluative consequences of sequential performance judgments. Recent social comparison research has suggested that performance judgments may be influenced by judgments about a preceding performance. Specifically, performance judgments may be assimilated to judgments of the preceding performance if judges focus on similarities between the two. If judges focus on differences, however, contrast may ensue. The authors examined sequential performance judgments, using data gathered from the 2004 Olympic Games as well as data gathered in the laboratory with students or experienced gymnastics judges as participants. Sequential performance judgments were influenced by previously judged performances, and the direction of this influence depended on the degree of perceived similarity between the successive performances.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16953743 !1076-898X (Print) Journal Article16953743^Institute for Psychology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. lysann.damisch@uni-koeln.de~?PHiley, M. J. Readon, M. R.2005EThe margin for error when releasing the asymmetric bars for dismounts223-35J Appl Biomech213Adolescent Adult Biomechanics Calibration Equipment Design Female *Gymnastics Humans Male Models, Theoretical Physics Reproducibility of Results Sex Factors Video RecordingAugrIt has previously been shown that male gymnasts using the "scooped" giant circling technique were able to flatten the path followed by their mass center, resulting in a larger margin for error when releasing the high bar (Hiley and Yeadon, 2003a). The circling technique prior to performing double layout somersault dismounts from the asymmetric bars in women's artistic gymnastics appears to be similar to the "traditional" technique used by some male gymnasts on the high bar. It was speculated that as a result the female gymnasts would have margins for error similar to those of male gymnasts who use the traditional technique. However, it is unclear how the technique of the female gymnasts is affected by the need to avoid the lower bar. A 4-segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and upper bar was used to determine the margins for error when releasing the bar for 9 double layout somersault dismounts at the Sydney 2000 Olympics. The elastic properties of the gymnast and bar were modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters, primarily the inertia and spring parameters, were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances in terms of rotation angle (1.2 degrees), bar displacement (0.011 m), and release velocities (<1%). Each matching simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the dismount successfully. The margins for error of the 9 female gymnasts (release window 43-102 ms) were comparable to those of the 3 male gymnasts using the traditional technique (release window 79-84 ms).fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16260843 !1065-8483 (Print) Journal Article16260843YSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leics., UK.~?QHiley, M. J. Yeadon, M. R.2003>The margin for error when releasing the high bar for dismounts313-9 J Biomech363hAcceleration Adolescent Adult *Computer Simulation Elasticity Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male Middle Aged *Models, Biological Motion Posture/physiology Quality Control Reproducibility of Results Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Rotation Sensitivity and Specificity *Sports Equipment Stress, Mechanical Task Performance and Analysis Video Recording ViscosityMarIn Men's Artistic Gymnastics the current trend in elite high bar dismounts is to perform two somersaults in an extended body shape with a number of twists. Two techniques have been identified in the backward giant circles leading up to release for these dismounts (J. Biomech. 32 (1999) 811). At the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games 95% of gymnasts used the "scooped" backward giant circle technique rather than the "traditional" technique. It was speculated that the advantage gained from the scooped technique was an increased margin for error when releasing the high bar. A four segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and high bar was used to determine the margin for error when releasing the bar in performances at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. The eight high bar finalists and the three gymnasts who used the traditional backward giant circle technique were chosen for analysis. Model parameters were optimised to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances in terms of rotation angle (1.2 degrees ), bar displacements (0.014 m) and release velocities (2%). Each matching simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the dismount successfully. The scooped backward giant circle technique resulted in a greater margin for error (release window 88-157 ms) when releasing the bar compared to the traditional technique (release window 73-84 ms).fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12594979 0021-9290 Journal Article12594979nSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Ashby Road, Loughborough, Leics. LE11 3TU, UK.N<7RAl-Kashmiri, A. Delaney, J. S.2007`Case report: Fatigue fracture of the proximal fibula with secondary common peroneal nerve injury225-8Clin Orthop Relat Res463Accidents, Occupational Adult Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal Fibula/*injuries/pathology/radiography Fractures, Stress/*complications/pathology/rehabilitation Humans Leg Injuries/*complications/pathology/rehabilitation Magnetic Resonance Imaging Male Nerve Compression Syndromes/*etiology/pathology/rehabilitation Peroneal Nerve/*injuries/pathology Physical Therapy Modalities Protective Devices Treatment OutcomeOctStress fractures of the proximal fibula are uncommon and usually result from axial loading, which is mostly described in runners. We report an unusual mechanism of such a fracture in a circus performer resulting from repetitive direct horizontal loading from a trapeze bar. In addition, the bony injury resulted in a secondary injury to the common peroneal nerve with corresponding weakness. Both injuries responded well to nonoperative treatment and the athlete had an excellent recovery with no residual symptoms. He was able to resume his training with the use of protective padding applied to the proximal legs. Fracture of the proximal fibula caused by direct repetitive stress to the bone with a secondary compression injury to the common peroneal nerve is a previously undescribed injury. We report a patient who presented with this injury, the possible mechanisms of such injury, its management, and outcome.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17417091 *Case Reports Journal Article United States0009-921X (Print)*Clinical orthopaedics and related research17417091bAccident and Emergency Department, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Oman. alkashimri@hotmail.comeng 8~?S2Aydog, S. T. Tetik, O. Demirel, H. A. Doral, M. N.20052Differences in sole arch indices in various sportse5Br J Sports Med392Adolescent Adult Athletic Injuries/*etiology Case-Control Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Foot/*anatomy & histology Foot Injuries/*etiology Gymnastics/injuries Humans Male Soccer/injuries Weight Lifting/injuries Wrestling/injuriesFebBACKGROUND: There are controversial data about the relation between foot morphology and athletic injuries of the lower extremity. Studies in soldiers have shown some relationship, whereas those involving athletes have not shown any significant relationship. The reason for these differences is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of various sports on sole arch indices (AIs). METHOD: A total of 116 elite male athletes (24 soccer players, 23 wrestlers, 19 weightlifters, 30 handball players, and 20 gymnasts) and 30 non-athletic men were included in this cross sectional study. Images of both soles were taken in a podoscope and transferred to a computer using a digital still camera. AIs were calculated from the stored images. RESULTS: The AI of the right sole of the gymnasts was significantly lower than that of the soccer players, wrestlers, and non-athletic controls (p<0.01). The AI of the right sole of the wrestlers was significantly higher than that of the soccer players, handball players, weightlifters, gymnasts, and non-athletic controls (p<0.03). The AI of the left sole of the gymnasts was significantly lower than that of the wrestlers and non-athletic controls (p<0.001). The AI of the left sole of the wrestlers was significantly higher than that of the soccer players, handball players, and gymnasts (p<0.007). The AI of both soles in handball players was significantly lower than those of the non-athletic subjects (p = 0.049). The correlation between the AI of the left and right foot was poor in the soccer players, handball players, and wrestlers (r = 0.31, 0.69, and 0.56 respectively), but was high in the gymnasts, weightlifters, and non-athletic controls (r = 0.96, 0.88, and 0.80 respectively). CONCLUSION: The AIs of the gymnasts and wrestlers were significantly different from those of other sportsmen studied, and those of the gymnasts and handball players were significantly different from those of non-athletic controls.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15665190 1473-0480 Journal Article15665190kDepartment of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. taydog@hacettepe.edu.trw~?T+Balmer, N. J. Nevill, A. M. Williams, A. M.20034Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games469-78 J Sports Sci216Boxing Female Gymnastics Humans Internationality Male *Models, Psychological Sports/*psychology/statistics & numerical data Track and FieldJun\Home advantage in team games is well proven and the influence of the crowd upon officials' decisions has been identified as a plausible cause. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of home advantage for five event groups selected from the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1996, and put home advantage in team games in context with other sports. The five event groups were athletics and weightlifting (predominantly objectively judged), boxing and gymnastics (predominantly subjectively judged) and team games (involving subjective decisions). The proportion of points won was analysed as a binomial response variable using generalized linear interactive modelling. Preliminary exploration of the data highlighted the need to control for the proportion of competitors entered and to split the analysis pre- and post-war. Highly significant home advantage was found in event groups that were either subjectively judged or rely on subjective decisions. In contrast, little or no home advantage (and even away advantage) was observed for the two objectively judged groups. Officiating system was vital to both the existence and extent of home advantage. Our findings suggest that crowd noise has a greater influence upon officials' decisions than players' performances, as events with greater officiating input enjoyed significantly greater home advantage.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12846534 0264-0414 Journal Article12846534YResearch Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK._~?U/Baudry, L. Leroy, D. Thouvarecq, R. Choller, D.2006KAuditory concurrent feedback benefits on the circle performed in gymnastics149-56 J Sports Sci242FebIn this study, we examined the effectiveness of auditory concurrent feedback on body segmental alignment during the circle movement performed on a pommel horse. Eighteen gymnasts were assigned to one of two groups: a concurrent auditory feedback group (experimental) or a control group that received no concurrent feedback. After 2 weeks of training (300 circles), the body segmental alignment (BSA) of the experimental group had improved by 2.3% between the pre test (85.7 +/- 4.8% BSA(max)) and the post test (87.7 +/- 4.0% BSA(max)). Furthermore, the results of a retention test administered 2 weeks after the post test revealed no decline in performance for the experimental group. No gains in body segmental alignment were found for the control group. It was concluded that augmented auditory feedback made available in real time can be used to correct complex movements, such as the circle movement on a pommel horse, and does not appear to lead to information-dependence despite the frequent administration of feedback. The auditory signal available in real time could help gymnasts to become more objective about their own intrinsic information necessary for the refinement of the circle movement.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16368624 !0264-0414 (Print) Journal Article16368624SCETAPS Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Rouen University, Mont-Saint Aignan.~?V Bradshaw, E. J. Le Rossignol, P.2004wAnthropometric and biomechanical field measures of floor and vault ability in 8 to 14 year old talent-selected gymnasts249-62Sports Biomech32JAdolescent Age Factors Analysis of Variance *Anthropometry *Biomechanics Comparative Study Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Muscle Fatigue Muscle, Skeletal/physiology Physical Education and Training *Physical Endurance Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sampling Studies Sensitivity and Specificity Task Performance and AnalysisJulThe aim of this study was to identify the anthropometric and physical prerequisites for high difficulty floor tumbling and vaulting. Twenty 8-14 year old female talent-selected gymnasts performed handstand push-offs, and single and multiple jumps on a portable Kistler force plate. The force curves were analysed using Kistler and Excel software to obtain peak displacement, peak take-off force, and power The gymnasts were also assessed for sprinting, with and without vaulting, and standing broad jump performances. Video footage from the vault take-off was analysed using Video Expert II software to obtain the horizontal and vertical take-off velocities. Each gymnast's best vault starting score, three best floor tumbling skills, and anthropometric characteristics were recorded. Statistical analysis included one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the effect of age (8-10 years, 11-12 years, 13-14 years) on the performance measures and linear regression analysis with performance start score for vault or best floor tumbling score as the outcome variable. The best regression model for indicating vaulting talent had, as predictor variables, resultant velocity at take-off from the board, squat jump power, and average power during the last five jumps in the continuous bent-leg jump series. The best regression model for indicating floor tumbling ability had, as predictor variables, age, vault running velocity, and reduced ground contact time in a handstand push-off.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15552584 1476-3141 Journal Article15552584BNew Zealand Academy of Sport, Queensland University of Technology.~?W*Calmels, C. Holmes, P. Lopez, E. Naman, V.2006FChronometric comparison of actual and imaged complex movement patterns339-48 J Mot Behav385_Adolescent Child *Chronobiology Female *Gymnastics Humans *Imagination *Movement QuestionnairesSep8The authors' aim in this study was to consider the functional equivalence of internal imagery, external imagery, and action execution. Sixteen elite gymnasts imaged and performed a complex gymnastic vault. Ten performers imaged from an internal perspective, and 6 used an external perspective. Although the results revealed that the time to image the entire motor task did not significantly differ from the time required to physically perform it, irrespective of the imagery perspective used, the temporal organization of the action was different within the imagery conditions than it was in the physical condition. The results do not provide support for the principle of temporal functional equivalence. The authors discuss the results in light of recent findings from the cognitive neuroscience and psychology literatures.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16968679 30022-2895 (Print) Comparative Study Journal Article16968679Departement des Sciences du Sport, Institut National du Sport et de l'Education Physique, 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris, France. claire.calmels@insep.fr<7XECuk, I. Korencic, T. Tomazo-Ravnik, T. Pecek, M. Bucar, M. Hraski, Z.2007\Differencies in morphologic characteristics between top level gymnasts of year 1933 and 2000613-9 Coll Antropol312gAdult *Anthropometry Exercise Gymnastics/*physiology/*trends Humans Male *Physical Fitness *SomatotypesJun%In 1933, at the 5th Regional Sokol Meeting in Ljubljana which was at the time a place in the Yugoslav Kingdom, Skerlj carried out the first measurements of 189 gymnasts, active competitors; in 2000, at the World Cup Meeting in Ljubljana, Cuk and associates carried out measurements of 40 top gymnasts. Our analysis of identical variables has shown that there is no difference in body height and weight of the gymnasts in 1933 and those in 2000, while there is a significant difference in the width of their shoulders and pelvis, the contemporary athletes being wider in their shoulders and narrower in their pelvis. The differences can be assigned to the new requirements in contemporary gymnastics as exercises are becoming more difficult, including more rotation around the vertical and horizontal axis.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17847947 )Comparative Study Journal Article Croatia0350-6134 (Print)Collegium antropologicum17847947pDepartment of Gymnastics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. ivan.cuk@fsp.uni-lj.sieng@~?YBGrant-Ford, M. Sitler, M. R. Kozin, S. H. Barbe, M. F. Barr, A. E.2003^Effect of a prophylactic brace on wrist and ulnocarpal joint biomechanics in a cadaveric model736-43Am J Sports Med315Aged Aged, 80 and over Athletic Injuries/*prevention & control Biomechanics *Braces Cadaver Female Gymnastics/*injuries Humans Male Middle Aged Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Weight-Bearing Wrist Injuries/etiology/*prevention & controlSep-OctBACKGROUND: Wrist pain from repetitive dorsiflexion and compression during pommel horse exercises is common among male gymnasts. PURPOSE: To determine the biomechanical effects of a prophylactic wrist brace on the wrist and ulnocarpal joints during mechanical loading in a cadaveric model. HYPOTHESIS: The lateral wedge of the palmar pad of the brace will compensate for positive ulnar variance, distributing contact forces more evenly across the radioulnar carpal joint. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. METHODS: Six male and six female fixed cadaveric forearm-wrist specimens were subjected to a 32.13-kg compressive load applied through the long axis of the pronated forearm with a dorsiflexed wrist in contact with a support surface. Wrist joint dorsiflexion angle and ulnocarpal joint intraarticular peak pressure were assessed under three brace conditions: Ezy ProBrace with and without palmar pad and a nonbraced control. RESULTS: Wrist joint dorsiflexion angle was significantly reduced by the Ezy ProBrace with and without the palmar pad. However, ulnocarpal joint intraarticular peak pressure was reduced only by the brace with pad. CONCLUSION: Prevention of pathologic wrist changes requires intervention in pressure attenuation, which was achieved with the Ezy ProBrace with palmar pad. Clinical Relevance: This brace may decrease the cumulative effects of repetitive stress of pommel horse exercise training.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12975195 0363-5465 Journal Article12975195=Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, USA.~?ZKGrassi, G. Turci, M. Shirai, Y. F. Lovecchio, N. Sforza, C. Ferrario, V. F.2005aBody movements on the men's competition mushroom: a three dimensional analysis of circular swings489-92Br J Sports Med398Adolescent Adult Ankle/*physiology Biomechanics/methods Body Mass Index Body Weight Gymnastics/*physiology Hip/*physiology Humans Male Movement/*physiology Physical Education and Training/methods Posture/physiology Range of Motion, Articular/physiology Shoulder/*physiologyAugOBJECTIVES: To develop a method for the three dimensional analysis of body movements and body positions during the performance of circular swings on the competition mushroom, an apparatus used by young gymnasts for pommel horse training. METHODS: Five experienced male gymnasts, all of national level, performed three series of 10 circular swings on the competition mushroom. An optoelectronic instrument was used for the detection of the three dimensional movement of 13 body landmarks. From landmark trajectories, several technical measurements were obtained: diameters of ideal circles of ankles, hips, shoulders; deviation of the ankle diameters from circularity and from the horizontal plane; angle between the shoulder, hip, and ankle. The values were used for a quantitative assessment of performance of the five gymnasts. RESULTS: During the exercise, each ankle should follow a nearly horizontal circular path (deviation from circularity ranged from 3.6% to 6%, deviation from horizontality was 9.4-19.7%), there should be an angle of about 180 degrees at the hips (actual values 146-153 degrees ), and the shoulders should move as little as possible, and only in the lateral plane, without major anteroposterior movements (shoulder movement was 27-31% of ankle movement, hip movement was 16-20%). CONCLUSIONS: The method could help coaches and gymnasts to determine which parts of the body are not repeating a selected movement with sufficient accuracy and to quantify improvements made after a specific training programme.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16046327 1473-0480 Journal Article16046327\Department of Human Morphology, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, Milan 20133, Italy.~?[LGrassi, G. P. Santini, T. Lovecchio, N. Turci, M. Ferrario, V. F. Sforza, C.2005cSpatiotemporal consistency of trajectories in gymnastics: a three-dimensional analysis of flic-flac134-8Int J Sports Med262xAdolescent Adult Biomechanics Female Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male *Movement Reproducibility of Results Sex FactorsMarSport performance during the execution of closed skills combines specific body and limb movements into codified patterns where stability and consistency may be more important than variability. Repeated sport movements can be investigated to assess the consistency of body trajectories. More consistent trajectories will result in more repeatable movements. The present study quantified the short-term consistency of body trajectories during the performance of the backward flic-flac, a technique of floor gymnastics. Nine experienced gymnasts (six men, three women), all of national level, performed 10 repetitions of backward flic-flac. An optoelectronic instrument was used for the detection of the three-dimensional movement of 13 body landmarks. The spatiotemporal consistency of repeated landmark trajectories was measured by the standard deviation between standardized trajectories. The results showed smaller standard deviation (larger consistency between landmark trajectories) in female than in male gymnasts. The analysis of the consistency of landmark trajectories could help gymnasts indicating which parts of the body do not repeat a selected movement with sufficient accuracy.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15726489 0172-4622 Journal Article15726489Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Locomotore, Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana, Facolta di Scienze Motorie & Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universita di Milano, via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy. {|7\8Harringe, M. L. Nordgren, J. S. Arvidsson, I. Werner, S.2007Low back pain in young female gymnasts and the effect of specific segmental muscle control exercises of the lumbar spine: a prospective controlled intervention study1264-71#Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc1510OctProspective controlled intervention study. To evaluate a specific segmental muscle training program of the lumbar spine in order to prevent and reduce low back pain in young female teamgym gymnasts. Teamgym is a team sport comprising three events: trampette, tumbling and floor programme. In a recent study, it was found that teamgym gymnasts practice and compete despite suffering from back pain. Specific muscle control exercises of the lumbar spine have shown good results in reducing pain intensity and functional disability levels in patients with low back pain. To our knowledge, this type of training has not been studied in an adolescent athletic population before. Fifty-one gymnasts, with and without LBP, 11-16 years old, from three top-level gymnastics team participated in the study comprising 12 weeks. Every day the gymnasts answered a questionnaire regarding low back pain. After baseline (4 weeks) the intervention group performed a specific segmental muscle training program. Twenty-four gymnasts (47%) reported low back pain during baseline. Nine gymnasts failed to answer the questionnaire every day and the following results are based on 42 gymnasts (intervention group, n = 30, and control group, n = 12). Gymnasts in the intervention group reported significantly less number of days with low back pain at completion compared to baseline (P = 0.02). Gymnasts in the control group showed no difference in terms of days with low back pain or intensity of low back pain between baseline and completion. Eight gymnasts (out of 15) with LBP in the intervention group became pain free. Specific segmental muscle control exercises of the lumbar spine may be of value in preventing and reducing low back pain in young teamgym gymnasts.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17594077 5Journal Article Germany official journal of the ESSKA0942-2056 (Print)17594077Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Forskningscentrum M3:00, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.eng <7]Hiley, M. J. Yeadon, M. R.2007FOptimization of backward giant circle technique on the asymmetric bars300-8J Appl Biomech234}Computer Simulation Gymnastics/*physiology Humans *Models, Biological Motor Skills/*physiology *Task Performance and AnalysisNovThe release window for a given dismount from the asymmetric bars is the period of time within which release results in a successful dismount. Larger release windows are likely to be associated with more consistent performance because they allow a greater margin for error in timing the release. A computer simulation model was used to investigate optimum technique for maximizing release windows in asymmetric bars dismounts. The model comprised four rigid segments with the elastic properties of the gymnast and bar modeled using damped linear springs. Model parameters were optimized to obtain a close match between simulated and actual performances of three gymnasts in terms of rotation angle (1.5 degrees ), bar displacement (0.014 m), and release velocities (<1%). Three optimizations to maximize the release window were carried out for each gymnast involving no perturbations, 10-ms perturbations, and 20-ms perturbations in the timing of the shoulder and hip joint movements preceding release. It was found that the optimizations robust to 20-ms perturbations produced release windows similar to those of the actual performances whereas the windows for the unperturbed optimizations were up to twice as large. It is concluded that robustness considerations must be included in optimization studies in order to obtain realistic results and that elite performances are likely to be robust to timing perturbations of the order of 20 ms.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18089928 >Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States1065-8483 (Print)Journal of applied biomechanics18089928QSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.engH<7^Hiley, M. J. Yeadon, M. R.2008lOptimisation of high bar circling technique for consistent performance of a triple piked somersault dismount1730-5 J Biomech418The dismount from the high bar is one of the most spectacular skills performed in Men's Artistic Gymnastics. Hiley and Yeadon [2005. Maximal dismounts from high bar. Journal of Biomechanics 38, 2221-2227] optimised the technique in the backward giant circle prior to release using a computer simulation model to show that a gymnast could generate sufficient linear and angular momentum to perform a triple piked backward somersault dismount with a sufficiently large release window (the period of time during which the gymnast could release the bar and successfully complete the dismount). In the present study, it was found that when the timing of the actions at the hip and shoulder joints from the optimum simulation were perturbed by 30ms the resulting simulation could no longer meet the criteria for sufficient aerial rotation and release window. Since it is to be expected that a gymnast's technique can cope with small errors in timing for consistent performance, a requirement of robustness to timing perturbations should be included within the optimisation process. When the technique in the backward giant circle was optimised to be robust to 30ms perturbations, it was found that sufficient linear and angular momentum for a triple piked dismount could be achieved with a realistic release window.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=18402965 >Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States0021-9290 (Print)Journal of biomechanics18402965School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK. m.j.hiley@lboro.ac.ukeng<7_%Hiley, M. J. Yeadon, M. R. Buxton, E.2007LConsistency of performances in the Tkatchev release and re-grasp on high bar121-30Sports Biomech62Acceleration Biomechanics *Computer Simulation Gymnastics/*physiology Hand Strength/*physiology Humans Joints/physiology Male *Models, Biological Rotation Sports EquipmentMay;The Tkatchev on the high bar is a release and re-grasp skill in which the gymnast rotates in a direction during flight opposite to that of the preceding swing. Since the release window is defined as the time during which the gymnast has appropriate linear and angular momentum to ensure the bar can be re-grasped, it was speculated that the release windows for this skill would be smaller than for dismounts that are less constrained. One senior male gymnast competing at national standard performed 60 Tkatchev trials. A four-segment planar simulation model of the gymnast and high bar was used to determine the release windows in 10 successful and 10 unsuccessful performances of the Tkatchev recorded using a Vicon motion analysis system. Model parameters were optimized to obtain a close match between simulations and recorded performances in terms of rotation angle (1 degree), bar displacements (0.01 m), and release velocities (1%). Each matched simulation was used to determine the time window around the actual point of release for which the model had appropriate release parameters to complete the Tkatchev successfully. The release windows for the successful trials were small compared with those of dismounts. The unsuccessful trials were associated with later release and later timing of the actions at the shoulders and hips.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17892090 Journal Article Scotland1476-3141 (Print)ESports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports17892090gSchool of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK. m.j.hiley@lboro.ac.ukeng~?`Irwin, G. Kerwin, D. G.2005HBiomechanical similarities of progressions for the longswing on high bar163-78Sports Biomech42JuleBased on specificity of training and biomechanical analysis, the aim of this study was to develop a method to rank selected progressions for learning the longswing on high bar. Four members of the Men's National Gymnastics Squad were recorded (50 Hz) performing three series of five longswings and eight progressions. Real world co-ordinates from the digitized data were determined using two-dimensional direct linear transformation. Biomechanical similarity between the functional phases of the longswing and the corresponding phases of the progressions were calculated. The functional phases were described as a hyperextension to flexion of the hip and hyperflexion to extension of the shoulder joints as the gymnast passed underneath the bar. Using a combined score of 'Difference' and movement 'Variability' a 'Specificity score' was calculated for hip and shoulder angular displacements and velocities. An overall score based on the average of the four scores provided a ranked list of progressions based on their similarity to the target skill. The progression that showed the greatest similarity to the biomechanics of the longswing, and was therefore ranked first, was the chalked bar pendulum swing. The least similar progression, and, therefore, eighth ranked, was the chalked bar bent knee longswing. The hip kinematics were found to contribute most to the overall differences because the performance requirements of these progressions emphasize an increase in hip flexion during the ascending phase. The method described provides a means to quantify and rank progressions based on their kinematic similarity to the longswing.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16138655 1476-3141 Journal Article16138655]School of Sport, Physical Education & Recreation, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK. z<7aIrwin, G. Kerwin, D. G.2007JInter-segmental coordination in progressions for the longswing on high bar131-44Sports Biomech62*Acceleration Adolescent Adult Biomechanics Calibration Gymnastics/*physiology Hip Joint/physiology Humans Male Models, Biological *Rotation Shoulder Joint/physiology Sports Equipment Teaching/methods Video RecordingMayThis study focused on identifying the most effective skill progression for developing the longswing on high bar in men's artistic gymnastics. Building on previous work by Irwin and Kerwin, in which a method to rank progressions based on their angular kinematics was developed, this study aimed to use the method to quantify similarities in inter-segmental coordination between selected progressions and the longswing on high bar. Video images of four members of the UK men's national gymnastics squad performing three series of five longswings and eight progressions were recorded at 50Hz. Two-dimensional direct linear transformation techniques were used to determine the real-world coordinates from the digitized data. Inter-segmental coordination of the hip and shoulder joints during the functional phases of the longswing was assessed using continuous relative phase. Similarity between the longswing and each progression was represented by a "specificity score", which was also used to rank the progressions. Each progression's specificity score was calculated by combining a "difference score" (root mean squared difference between the continuous relative phase profiles of the longswing and the progression) and a "variability score" (standard deviation of the continuous relative phase profiles for each progression). The progressions that were most similar to the longswing included the looped bar longswing and layaway swing down (ranked 1st and 2nd), with specificity scores of 9% and 10% respectively. In contrast, the least similar progressions were the looped bar "no action" longswing (51%) and pendulum swing (63%) (ranked 7th and 8th). Establishing effective skill learning pathways is recognized as a key component of the coaching process and ranking progressions based on their specificity score provided a mechanism to identify progressions with similar inter-segmental coordination profiles to the key skill on the high bar, the longswing.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17892091 Journal Article Scotland1476-3141 (Print)ESports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports17892091^Cardiff School of Sport, University of Wales Institute Cardiff, Cardiff, UK. girwin@uwic.ac.ukeng><7bIrwin, G. Kerwin, D. G.2007EMusculoskeletal demands of progressions for the longswing on high bar361-74Sports Biomech63Adult Computer Simulation Energy Transfer/*physiology Exertion/*physiology Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Joints/*physiology Male Models, Biological Muscle, Skeletal/*physiology Task Performance and AnalysisSepKinetic analyses of the chalked bar longswing on high bar and its associated progressions were used to explain musculoskeletal contributions during the performance of these skills. Data on four international male gymnasts performing three series of chalked bar longswings and eight progressions were recorded. Customized body segment inertia parameters, two-dimensional kinematics (50 Hz), and bar forces (1000 Hz) were used as input to inverse dynamic modelling. The analysis focused on the relative contributions of the knees, hips, and shoulders with root mean squared differences between the chalked bar longswing and the progressions being used to rank the progressions. Seventy per cent of the total work occurred between 200 degrees and 240 degrees of angular rotation in the longswing, 67% of which was contributed by the shoulders. The shoulders were also dominant in all progressions, with the largest such contribution occurring in the looped bar longswing with "no action". The least similar progression was the looped bar pendulum swing, while the most similar was the chalked bar bent knee longswing. This study provides a useful means for ranking progressions based on their kinetic similarity to the chalked bar longswing and builds on earlier research in identifying that progressions can be classified into those similar in physical demand (kinetics) and those similar in geometry (kinematics).fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17933198 Journal Article Scotland1476-3141 (Print)ESports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports17933198VCardiff School of Sport, University of Wales Institute, Cardiff, UK. girwin@uwic.ac.ukeng~?c$Prassas, S. Kwon, Y. H. Sands, W. A.20067Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics: a review261-91Sports Biomech52JulBiomechanical research into artistic gymnastics has grown substantially over the years. However, most research is still skill oriented with few tries at generalization. Consequently, our understanding of the principles and bases of the sport, although improved, is still marginal with gaps in knowledge about technique attributes throughout the sport. For that reason, this review begins with an attempt to identify important variables contributing to successful performance. The review is presented in clusters of work in similar apparatuses culminating in Tables offering an 'at a glance' summary of knowledge in each cluster. The last section of the review tries to give some direction to future biomechanical research in gymnastics in issues relating to data collection--two-dimensional or three-dimensional, image size, frame rate--and analysis, such as descriptive or explanatory, simulation and optimization, and statistical issues.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16939157 !1476-3141 (Print) Journal Article16939157:California State University, East Bay, Hayward 94542, USA. (<7d$Takei, Y. Dunn, J. H. Blucker, E. P.2007mSomersaulting techniques used in high-scoring and low-scoring Roche vaults performed by male Olympic gymnasts673-85 J Sports Sci256pBiomechanics Gymnastics/*physiology Humans Male *Sports Equipment *Task Performance and Analysis Video RecordingAprThe aim of this study was to compare the somersaulting techniques used in the 16 highest-scoring and 16 lowest-scoring Roche vaults. Our hypothesis was that the gymnasts performing the highest-scoring Roche vaults would demonstrate a better technique than those performing the lowest-scoring Roche vaults while on the horse (pushing off the horse more effectively), somersaulting (executing most of the required somersaults higher in flight), and landing (showing a greater control). A 16-mm motion picture camera, operating at 100 Hz, recorded the vaults during the official competition. The two-dimensional direct linear transformation was used for spatial reconstruction. The results of t-tests (P < 0.05) indicated that, compared with the low-scoring gymnasts, the high-scoring gymnasts had: (1) greater height of body centre of mass and a more fully extended body position at the horse take-off; (2) greater height of body centre of mass at the peak of post-flight, knee release, and touchdown on the mat; (3) greater horizontal and vertical displacements of body centre of mass, greater somersaulting rotation, and longer time from the knee release to mat touchdown; and (d) markedly smaller landing point deductions. In conclusion, a successful Roche vault is likely when the focus is on: (a) leaving the horse with a large vertical velocity in an extended body position to achieve a high trajectory of centre of mass by first extending the legs, then immediately pushing off the horse vigorously, using the muscles of the upper extremity; (b) grasping the knees immediately after the take-off from the horse, achieving the tightly tucked body position early during the ascent to the peak, and completing two-thirds of the required somersaults at a great height; (c) releasing the knees and extending the body above the top level of the horse; and (d) contacting the mat with a high body centre of mass position.fhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17454535 8Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England0264-0414 (Print)Journal of sports sciences17454535zDepartment of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2854, USA. ytakei@niu.eduengPKbA9I/**refs.FRM 0B< !// !HPRIMARYyearIndex 6ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! 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